The First Letter to the Thessalonians was written by the Apostle Paul, along with Silvanus (Silas) and Timothy, to encourage and strengthen a young church that was experiencing persecution and uncertainty. The letter was likely written around AD 50–51, making it one of the earliest writings of the New Testament. Paul wrote this letter shortly after leaving Thessalonica and while ministering in Corinth, following Timothy’s report that the believers in Thessalonica remained faithful despite opposition and had questions concerning the return of Christ and the destiny of believers who had died.

The church at Thessalonica was established during Paul’s second missionary journey (Acts 17:1–9). After arriving in the city, Paul reasoned in the synagogue for several weeks, explaining from the Scriptures that Jesus was the promised Messiah. Some Jews, many Gentile God-fearers, and several prominent women believed and formed the foundation of the new congregation. However, opposition quickly arose from those who rejected Paul’s message. A mob accused the believers of following another king, Jesus, rather than Caesar, creating such hostility that Paul and Silas were forced to leave the city. Although Paul’s ministry there was brief, the Thessalonian believers continued to grow in faith, love, and endurance.

Paul wrote 1 Thessalonians to express his deep affection for the church and to reassure them that their faithfulness had not gone unnoticed. He reminded them that their salvation was rooted in God’s power, not merely human teaching, and he encouraged them to continue living lives that honored God. The letter emphasizes Christian perseverance, holiness, brotherly love, faithful work, and hope in Christ’s return.

A major concern addressed in the letter was the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. Some believers were grieving because fellow Christians had died before Christ’s return and wondered whether those believers would miss the blessings of His kingdom. Paul responded by teaching that those who have died in Christ will be raised and will share in His return. The resurrection of believers and the certainty of Christ’s coming are presented as sources of comfort and encouragement rather than fear.

The central message of 1 Thessalonians is that believers are called to remain faithful while waiting with hope for the return of Jesus Christ. Paul presents the Christian life as a journey of growing faith, increasing love, steadfast endurance, and holy living. The Thessalonian church serves as an example of believers who received the gospel with joy, endured suffering with courage, and became a witness to others throughout the region.

1. Faithfulness Amid Persecution

A central theme of 1 Thessalonians is the faithfulness of believers who remain steadfast despite suffering and opposition. Paul commends the Thessalonian church for receiving the gospel with joy even while experiencing persecution. Their endurance became an example to other believers throughout Macedonia and Achaia.

Key Idea: Genuine faith produces perseverance, even in difficult circumstances.

Key Verse:
1 Thessalonians 1:6 (ESV) – “And you became imitators of us and of the Lord, for you received the word in much affliction, with the joy of the Holy Spirit.”

2. The Power and Reception of the Gospel

Paul emphasizes that the gospel did not come merely as human words but with the power of God through the Holy Spirit. The Thessalonians demonstrated the authenticity of their faith by turning from idols and serving the living God.

Key Idea: The gospel transforms lives when it is received in faith and empowered by God.

Key Verse:
1 Thessalonians 1:5 (ESV) – “Because our gospel came to you not only in word, but also in power and in the Holy Spirit and with full conviction.”

3. The Example of Christian Leadership and Ministry

Paul presents his own ministry among the Thessalonians as a model of loving, humble, and sacrificial leadership. He describes caring for them like a gentle mother and an encouraging father, showing that spiritual leadership is built on love and personal investment.

Key Idea: Effective ministry is marked by humility, integrity, love, and sacrifice.

Key Verse:
1 Thessalonians 2:8 (ESV) – “So, being affectionately desirous of you, we were ready to share with you not only the gospel of God but also our own selves, because you had become very dear to us.”

4. Spiritual Growth and Sanctification

Paul encourages the Thessalonians to continue growing in holiness and to live lives pleasing to God. Christian maturity is not a one-time event but an ongoing process of becoming more like Christ.

Key Idea: Believers are called to continually grow in holiness and love.

Key Verse:
1 Thessalonians 4:3 (ESV) – “For this is the will of God, your sanctification: that you abstain from sexual immorality.”

5. Christian Love and Community Life

Paul praises the Thessalonians for their love for one another but encourages them to grow even more. He emphasizes living quietly, working faithfully, and showing love within the body of Christ.

Key Idea: A transformed heart produces a loving and responsible community.

Key Verse:
1 Thessalonians 4:9–10 (ESV) – “Now concerning brotherly love you have no need for anyone to write to you, for you yourselves have been taught by God to love one another… But we urge you, brothers, to do this more and more.”

6. The Hope of Christ’s Return

The return of Jesus Christ is one of the major teachings of 1 Thessalonians. Paul comforts believers concerning those who have died and teaches that Christ will return to gather His people.

Key Idea: The promise of Christ’s return provides hope, comfort, and motivation for faithful living.

Key Verse:
1 Thessalonians 4:16–17 (ESV) – “For the Lord himself will descend from heaven with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet of God. And the dead in Christ will rise first.”

7. Living Ready for the Day of the Lord

Paul teaches that believers should remain spiritually awake and prepared because the day of the Lord will come unexpectedly. Readiness involves faith, love, hope, encouragement, and holy living.

Key Idea: Christians should live each day with spiritual awareness and expectation of Christ’s return.

Key Verse:
1 Thessalonians 5:2, 6 (ESV) – “For you yourselves are fully aware that the day of the Lord will come like a thief in the night… So then let us not sleep, as others do, but let us keep awake and be sober.”

8. Prayer, Thanksgiving, and Dependence on God

Paul closes the letter with practical instructions emphasizing joy, prayer, thanksgiving, discernment, and dependence on God’s faithfulness.

Key Idea: A faithful Christian life is sustained through continual communion with God.

Key Verse:
1 Thessalonians 5:16–18 (ESV) – “Rejoice always, pray without ceasing, give thanks in all circumstances; for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus for you.”

Summary of Major Themes

Overall Theme of 1 Thessalonians:
A faithful church lives with steadfast faith, growing love, holy conduct, and confident hope in the return of Jesus Christ.

1 Thessalonians 1 introduces Paul’s letter to the believers in Thessalonica by expressing gratitude for their genuine faith, active love, and steadfast hope in Jesus Christ. Paul remembers how the gospel came to them not merely in words but with the power of the Holy Spirit, producing a transformed life that became a testimony throughout Macedonia and beyond. The chapter highlights the evidence of true Christian faith: a turning away from idols, a wholehearted devotion to the living God, and an eager expectation of the return of His Son from heaven. Paul commends the Thessalonians for becoming imitators of Christ and examples of faithful endurance despite persecution, demonstrating that the gospel produces lasting change in those who receive it with joy. 1 Thessalonians 1 establishes the foundation of the letter by emphasizing that authentic faith is revealed through changed lives, faithful perseverance, and confident hope in Christ’s promised return.

^1:1 Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy, to the church of the Thessalonians in God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ: Grace to you and peace. (1 Thessalonians 1:1 ESV)

The first letter to the Thessalonians was written by Paul between A.D. 49 and 51 during his eighteen months stay in Corinth during his second missionary journey (Acts 18:1 – 18). The letter was written with the help of Silvanus (Silas) and Timothy (1 Thessalonians 1:1).

The most important theme in 1 Thessalonians is the second coming of Jesus. That theme is clearly expressed in 4:15 – 17 ESV: 15 “For this we declare to you by a word from the Lord, that we who are alive, who are left until the coming of the Lord, will not precede those who have fallen asleep. 16 For the Lord himself will descend from heaven with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet of God. And the dead in Christ will rise first. 17 Then we who are alive, who are left, will be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air, and so we will always be with the Lord.” It will be a time when unbelievers will experience the wrath of God, but believers will be delivered from it. This is expressed in 5:9 – 10 ESV: 9 For God has not destined us for wrath, but to obtain salvation through our Lord Jesus Christ, 10 who died for us so that whether we are awake or asleep we might live with him.” Those who are destined to participate in the second coming must be born again and must be holy and blameless (3:11 – 4:8). It will be God who will produce holiness in the lives of those he calls: “He who calls you is faithful; he will surely do it” (5:24 ESV).

In Acts 17:1 we find Paul, Silas, and Timothy in Thessalonica, a city in Macedonia about 33 miles west of Apollonia and located on a natural harbor. It was the capital of Macedonia and a flourishing center of trade and philosophy. There was a synagogue of the Jews located there, and on three Sabbath days Paul went there and “reasoned with them from the Scriptures, explaining and proving that it was necessary for the Christ to suffer and to rise from the dead, and saying, ‘This Jesus, whom I proclaim to you, is the Christ.’” (Acts 17:2 – 3 ESV). As a result, there were Jews and God-fearing Gentiles who believed (Acts 17:4), but there were those who were displeased and caused an uproar forcing Paul, Silas, and Timothy to leave.

Timothy was to return and learned that there was some misunderstanding about the second coming of Jesus Christ that was causing problems there. The persecution that drove Paul, Silas, and Timothy from Thessalonica continued against the church there creating additional problems. These issues needed to be addressed, resulted in Paul writing this letter to them.

The letter was an informal epistle that contained all the usual ingredients of New Testament epistles, ingredients such as how to live, think, and behave as a Christian. It was a public letter in that it was addressed to the church but contained points that read more like a personal letter to an individual.

The letter opens with a greeting from Paul, Silvanus (Silas), and Timothy to the church in Thessalonica. As believers they enjoy a mysterious union with both the Father and the Son and hence are supremely secure and safe from spiritual harm. Grace means God’s unmerited favor and “peace is not just the absence of conflict but echoes the Old Testament concept of shalom, where a person’s life with God and with everything else is in ordered harmony, both physically and spiritually, and ‘all is well.’” (See footnote for Romans 1:7 in the ESV Study Bible).

^1:2 We give thanks to God always for all of you, constantly mentioning you in our prayers, ³ remembering before our God and Father your work of faith and labor of love and steadfastness of hope in our Lord Jesus Christ. (1 Thessalonians 1:2 – 3 ESV)

Having introduced 1 Thessalonians in the previous lesson and covered the greeting, we are now ready to begin our study of the letter.

Silvanus and Timothy are helping Paul write this letter and they say they are giving thanks always for them at the church in Thessalonica; thanks for their faithful service in the face of persecution they face there, but also their prayers for endurance through their ministry and their suffering. As they give thanks and pray, they remember and bring before God and Father their work of faith and labor of love and steadfastness of hope in the Lord Jesus Christ.

This giving of thanks for believers is a practice of Paul and is seen, for example, in Romans 1:8 ESV: “First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you, because your faith is proclaimed in all the world.”; and in Ephesians 5:20 ESV: “giving thanks always and for everything to God the Father in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ.”

Praying for believers is also a practice of Paul and is seen, for example, in Romans 1:9 – 10 ESV: ⁹ “For God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit in the gospel of his Son, that without ceasing I mention you ¹⁰ always in my prayers, asking that somehow by God’s will I may now at last succeed in coming to you.”; and in 2 Timothy 1:3 ESV: “I thank God whom I serve, as did my ancestors, with a clear conscience, as I remember you constantly in my prayers night and day.”

The mention of God and Father is a reminder of Galatians 1:3 – 5 ESV: ³ Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ, ⁴ who gave himself for our sins to deliver us from the present evil age, according to the will of our God and Father, ⁵ to whom be the glory forever and ever. Amen.”

Paul is remembering their work of faith which is believing in Jesus Christ (John 6:29), working through love (Galatians 5:6). Faith by itself is dead; it must be validated by good works: “What good is it, my brothers, if someone says he has faith but does not have works? Can that faith save him?” (James 2:14 ESV).

In 2 Thessalonians 1:3 – 4 (ESV), Paul ties faith, love and steadfastness together: ³ “We ought always to give thanks to God for you, brothers, as is right, because your faith is growing abundantly, and the love of every one of you for one another is increasing. ⁴ Therefore we ourselves boast about you in the churches of God for your steadfastness and faith in all your persecutions and in the afflictions that you are enduring.” This is similar to John’s comment to the church in Thyatira: “I know your works, your love and faith and service and patient endurance, and that your latter works exceed the first” (Revelation 2:19 ESV).

Their hope is in the Lord Jesus Christ and his provision for them now and in the future. The exiles of the Dispersion also suffered greatly and were encouraged by Peter by his statement to them: ³ “Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ! According to his great mercy, he has caused us to be born again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, ⁴ to an inheritance that is imperishable, undefiled, and unfading, kept in heaven for you, ⁵ who by God’s power are being guarded through faith for a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time.” (1 Peter 1:3 – 5 ESV). Are you born again and if so, is your hope fixed on that tremendous inheritance that is ours in heaven?

^1:4 For we know, brothers loved by God, that he has chosen you, ⁵ because our gospel came to you not only in word, but also in power and in the Holy Spirit and with full conviction. You know what kind of men we proved to be among you for your sake. ⁶ And you became imitators of us and of the Lord, for you received the word in much affliction, with the joy of the Holy Spirit, ⁷ so that you became an example to all the believers in Macedonia and in Achaia. (1 Thessalonians 1:4 – 7 ESV)

In the previous lesson we learned about Paul’s devotion to the Thessalonians, his thanks, and prayers for them. In this lesson we will learn that the gospel came to them in power and with full conviction.

Paul, addressing believers, brothers and sisters loved by God, says that he knows they were chosen by God because he observed that the gospel came to them not only in word, but also in power and in the Holy Spirit and with full conviction. The idea of being chosen by God reminds one of John 1:12 – 13 ESV: ¹² “But to all who did receive him, who believed in his name, he gave the right to become children of God, ¹³ who were born, not of blood nor of the will of the flesh nor of the will of man, but of God.” It was according to God’s great mercy that he caused us to be born again to a living hope (1 Peter 1:3). ⁴ “But God, being rich in mercy, because of the great love with which he loved us, ⁵ even when we were dead in our trespasses, made us alive together with Christ” (Ephesians 2:4 – 5 ESV). What a special night it was for me seventy years ago when God took hold of me and caused me to be born again. I was like a woman ready to give birth. I was like Saul on the road to Damascus. It was my time because it was his choice.

When those in Thessalonica heard the gospel, the Holy Spirit took the words and through his power gave them the faith to believe with full conviction and caused them to be born again. I was trained to convince people to pray the sinner’s prayer and add their name to my growing list, but one day in China a person came to me a year after praying to receive Jesus Christ and told me they prayed because they wanted me to leave them alone. That person confessed to not being a believer and was still not interested. That is when I learned my job was to present the gospel clearly and answer any questions, allowing God to cause the new birth. I have seen so many people pray to receive Jesus Christ, when in reality they did not. They leave thinking they were born again but then later realize that nothing changed in their life. There was not the full conviction with the power of the Holy Spirit. Paul saw in these believers a faith that was validated by their work of faith and labor of love.

The sentence, “You know what kind of men we proved to be among you for your sake.” Is found in some translations contained in parentheses to express an afterthought as a reminder to them of the character of Paul, Silas, and Timothy. Their Christ-like character was maintained before them for their sake and as a result these new believers became imitators of them and of the Lord. They followed Paul’s example as he followed the example of Jesus Christ.

Paul mentions their affliction which is a reminder for us to think back to our study in Acts 17:5 – 9 when persecution against Paul and Silas forced them to leave Thessalonica. That persecution continued against believers there making life difficult for them. It was during that affliction that many heard the gospel and responded with the joy of the Holy Spirit. Once we are born again and have the Holy Spirit living within us, then “love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, [and] self-control are available to us to use and/or enjoy. How they lived under persecution was a witness to all believers in Macedonia and in Achaia.

Does the life we live as a believer reflect the life of Jesus Christ sufficiently that we be someone others can imitate, like they did Paul, in their walk of faith?

^1:8 For not only has the word of the Lord sounded forth from you in Macedonia and Achaia, but your faith in God has gone forth everywhere, so that we need not say anything. ⁹ For they themselves report concerning us the kind of reception we had among you, and how you turned to God from idols to serve the living and true God, ¹⁰ and to wait for his Son from heaven, whom he raised from the dead, Jesus who delivers us from the wrath to come. (1 Thessalonians 1:8 – 10 ESV)

In the previous lesson Paul comments on their salvation and encourages them as they experience persecution that began against Paul when he was there. In this lesson we will see how they lived under persecution was an encouragement to believers everywhere.

We learned in the previous lessons how, under persecution, those in Thessalonica were able to maintain their work of faith and labor of love and steadfastness of hope in the Lord Jesus Christ to the point that it became an encouragement to believers in Macedonia and Achaia. We learn that their faith in God during this time of persecution spread everywhere believers were found. One of the reasons this news spread so well and so far, is because of Thessalonica being strategically located on main trade routes.

Their work of faith and labor of love under persecution was a powerful witness, resulting in many others coming to faith in Jesus Christ. I saw this in China where some of my students gave reports of their dads being in prison for their faith and how they expected to join them someday because of their witness. As I study persecution in different parts of the world, I see some positive effects of suffering. The church in Smyrna and in Philadelphia of Revelation 2 and 3, suffered persecution and were the only two that did not receive a rebuke from the Lord. Like gold being purified by fire, Christians are matured through suffering.

“For they themselves report concerning us the kind of reception we had among you” is better understood when translated “For people everywhere report how you welcomed us” (NET). The point being made is that Paul was truly welcomed and made a tremendous difference in their Christian growth. A report of Paul’s help also spread to believers outside of Thessalonica.

Beside their endurance living under persecution, believers elsewhere were impressed by how those in Thessalonica turned to God from idols to serve the living and true God. In his ministry, Paul took a strong stand against these idols, which finally got him into trouble in Ephesus. He was so effective there that the sales of idols began to drop. That caused the silversmiths to stir up trouble for Paul. They reported: ²⁶ “And you see and hear that not only in Ephesus but in almost all of Asia this Paul has persuaded and turned away a great many people, saying that gods made with hands are not gods. ²⁷ And there is danger not only that this trade of ours may come into disrepute but also that the temple of the great goddess Artemis may be counted as nothing, and that she may even be deposed from her magnificence, she whom all Asia and the world worship” (Acts 19:26 – 27 ESV).

These believers in Thessalonica turned from their idols to serve the living and true God, and to wait for Jesus Christ to return from heaven, whom God raised from the dead. It was by his death on the cross, he purchased our salvation by his blood and in so doing delivered us from the wrath to come. This return they are waiting for will become a problem in this church and will be addressed later in this letter. “Whom he raised from the dead” points to 4:14 and “who delivers us from the wrath to come” points to 5:1 – 11.

1. Who wrote 1 Thessalonians, and to whom was it written?

Answer:
1 Thessalonians was written by the apostle Paul, together with Silvanus (Silas) and Timothy, to the church of the Thessalonians. The letter was written to encourage and strengthen a young church that had received the gospel but was experiencing persecution. Paul expressed his gratitude for their faith and reminded them that their lives were evidence of God’s transforming work.

2. What greeting does Paul give to the Thessalonian believers?

Answer:
Paul begins with the greeting, “Grace to you and peace” (1 Thessalonians 1:1). This greeting reflects the foundation of the Christian life: believers receive God’s grace through Christ, which brings true peace with God and peace within their lives.

3. What three qualities does Paul remember when he prays for the Thessalonians?

Answer:
Paul remembers their:

1. Work of faith
2. Labor of love
3. Steadfastness of hope in our Lord Jesus Christ

(1 Thessalonians 1:3)

These three qualities summarize the evidence of genuine Christian faith. Their faith produced action, their love required sacrifice, and their hope in Christ gave them endurance during trials.

4. Why was Paul confident that the Thessalonians were chosen by God?

Answer:
Paul knew that God had chosen them because the gospel came to them “not only in word, but also in power and in the Holy Spirit and with full conviction” (1 Thessalonians 1:5). Their changed lives demonstrated that God was truly at work among them.

5. What example did Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy provide for the Thessalonians?

Answer:
Paul and his companions became examples of faithful Christian living. They endured suffering and opposition while continuing to serve God. Their conduct showed the Thessalonians how to live faithfully even when facing hardship.

6. How did the Thessalonians respond after receiving the gospel?

Answer:
They became “imitators” of Paul and of the Lord, receiving the message “with joy from the Holy Spirit” despite suffering and persecution (1 Thessalonians 1:6). Their response showed that true faith is not dependent on comfortable circumstances but is sustained by the Spirit of God.

7. What impact did the faith of the Thessalonians have on others?

Answer:
Their faith became an example to believers throughout Macedonia and Achaia (1 Thessalonians 1:7). Their testimony spread beyond their own city because others saw the reality of Christ working in their lives.

8. What does Paul mean when he says the word of the Lord “sounded forth” from Thessalonica?

Answer:
Paul means that the Thessalonians actively shared the message of Christ, and their testimony traveled throughout the surrounding regions. Their transformed lives and proclamation of the gospel made their faith known widely.

9. What changes in the Thessalonians demonstrated their conversion to Christ?

Answer:
Paul describes their conversion by saying they:

• Turned from idols to serve the living and true God
• Waited for His Son from heaven
• Trusted in Jesus, who delivers believers from the coming wrath

(1 Thessalonians 1:9–10)

Their conversion involved both a turning away from false worship and a turning toward faithful service of God.

10. What does the phrase “to serve the living and true God” teach about Christian life?

Answer:
It teaches that salvation is not only about being rescued from sin but also about belonging to God and serving Him. Christians are called to live with a new purpose, worshiping God alone and reflecting His character through their lives.

11. Why is the resurrection of Jesus important in 1 Thessalonians 1?

Answer:
The resurrection proves that Jesus is the Son of God and provides hope for believers. Because Christ was raised from the dead, Christians can confidently await His return and trust in His power to save them.

12. What does 1 Thessalonians 1 teach about the return of Jesus?

Answer:
Paul reminds believers that they are waiting for Jesus, “whom he raised from the dead” (1 Thessalonians 1:10). The return of Christ is a central hope of the Christian faith. Believers live faithfully in the present because they look forward to Christ’s future coming.

13. What evidence shows that the Thessalonians had genuine faith?

Answer:
Their genuine faith was shown through:

• Their acceptance of the gospel with joy
• Their perseverance during suffering
• Their changed lives
• Their rejection of idols
• Their service to God
• Their expectation of Christ’s return

Their actions demonstrated that their faith was real and active.

14. How does 1 Thessalonians 1 describe the relationship between faith, love, and hope?

Answer:
Paul shows that Christian faith is active, Christian love is sacrificial, and Christian hope is enduring. These three qualities work together: faith leads believers to trust God, love motivates them to serve others, and hope gives them strength to remain faithful.

15. What are the major lessons believers can learn from the Thessalonian church?

Answer:
The Thessalonian church provides several important lessons:

1. The gospel changes lives. True faith produces visible transformation.
2. Faith remains strong during trials. God strengthens believers through suffering.
3. A faithful life influences others. Our example can encourage those around us.
4. Christians are called to serve God. Salvation leads to a life of obedience and worship.
5. Hope in Christ’s return gives perseverance. Believers can remain faithful because Jesus is coming again.

Summary Understanding of 1 Thessalonians 1

1 Thessalonians 1 presents a picture of a church transformed by the gospel. The Thessalonians received God’s message with faith, lived it out through love and endurance, and became an example to others. Their lives demonstrated the power of the Holy Spirit and the hope found in Jesus Christ. Paul’s opening chapter reminds believers that genuine faith produces changed lives and looks forward with confidence to the return of Christ.

In 1 Thessalonians 2, Paul reflects on his ministry among the Thessalonians and reminds them of the sincerity, courage, and love that marked his proclamation of the gospel. After experiencing suffering and opposition in Philippi, Paul and his companions boldly shared the message of Christ, not seeking human approval, personal gain, or praise, but serving as those entrusted by God with the gospel. Paul describes his relationship with the believers as both gentle and sacrificial, comparing himself to a caring mother who nurtures her children and a father who encourages and teaches them to live worthy of God. He reminds the Thessalonians that they received his message not merely as human words but as the true word of God, which was actively working in their lives. Paul also expresses his deep desire to return to them and his joy in knowing that their faithfulness is a source of encouragement and hope. This chapter reveals the heart of faithful Christian ministry: proclaiming God’s truth with integrity, serving others with genuine love, and enduring hardship with the confidence that God’s work continues through His people.

^2:1 For you yourselves know, brothers, that our coming to you was not in vain. ² But though we had already suffered and been shamefully treated at Philippi, as you know, we had boldness in our God to declare to you the gospel of God in the midst of much conflict. ³ For our appeal does not spring from error or impurity or any attempt to deceive, ⁴ but just as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel, so we speak, not to please man, but to please God who tests our hearts. ⁵ For we never came with words of flattery, as you know, nor with a pretext for greed—God is witness. ⁶ Nor did we seek glory from people, whether from you or from others, though we could have made demands as apostles of Christ. ⁷ But we were gentle among you, like a nursing mother taking care of her own children. ⁸ So, being affectionately desirous of you, we were ready to share with you not only the gospel of God but also our own selves, because you had become very dear to us. (1 Thessalonians 2:1 – 8 ESV)

In the previous lesson we were told more about the example this church at Thessalonica was for believers everywhere. Their example of turning from idols to serve the living and true God and being willing to suffer the consequences of their faith. Beginning with this lesson and continuing for several more, we will learn more about Paul’s ministry there in Thessalonica.

Time has passed since Paul was first in Thessalonica and some issues had come up causing some to partially blame Paul. They were saying that he lacked earnestness and personal concern for them that he came to their city out of greed or egotism. As a result of this false information being circulated by these troublesome people, Paul is now making an appeal to them to think back to when he was first there, to think about his relationship with them and his sincerity in sharing the gospel with them. All that we did, Paul says, demonstrates his God-given earnestness and effectiveness.

When Paul was ministering in Philippi (Acts 16) he cast a spirit of divination from a slave girl and got into much trouble with her owners who brought he and Silas into the marketplace before the rulers and charged them with causing trouble and stirring up the city. This resulted in he and Silas being sent to prison after being mistreated. After an amazing night at the prison, the city magistrates let Paul and Silas go the following morning. They left the city and headed to Thessalonica where with great boldness they declared to them the gospel of God during much conflict there. Paul wants them to think back to when he was first there and how he risked his life to share the gospel with them. His appeal to them does not spring from error or impurity or any attempt to deceive, but from a sincere heart.

 Paul and Silas claimed to be approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel and as a result they speak, not to please people but God who examines their hearts. Paul further reminds them that they did not come with flattering speech nor with a pretext for greed, and God is our witness to that. Furthermore, we did not come to seek glory from people or to impose our authority as apostles of Christ, but instead we were like little children among you. Paul said they were like a nursing mother caring for her own children.

Paul wants them to remember that he came to them affectionately desirous of them and were ready to share the gospel with them as well as themselves because they had become so dear to them.

^2:9 For you remember, brothers, our labor and toil: we worked night and day, that we might not be a burden to any of you, while we proclaimed to you the gospel of God. ¹⁰ You are witnesses, and God also, how holy and righteous and blameless was our conduct toward you believers. ¹¹ For you know how, like a father with his children, ¹² we exhorted each one of you and encouraged you and charged you to walk in a manner worthy of God, who calls you into his own kingdom and glory. (1 Thessalonians 2:9 – 12 ESV)

In the previous lesson Paul began his appeal to those in Thessalonica to remember his affection for them and his sincerity in presenting the gospel during conflict. In this lesson we will continue to look at Paul’s appeal to them.

Paul points out to them that while he was there with them, proclaiming the gospel of God to them, that he and Silas worked night and day to provide for their needs. He also mentions this in 2 Thessalonians 3:7 – 9 ESV: ⁷ “For you yourselves know how you ought to imitate us, because we were not idle when we were with you, ⁸ nor did we eat anyone’s bread without paying for it, but with toil and labor we worked night and day, that we might not be a burden to any of you. ⁹ It was not because we do not have that right, but to give you in ourselves an example to imitate.” However, in Philippians 4:16, Paul thanks the Philippians for the help they sent while he was in Thessalonica. The work Paul did to earn a living was tentmaking (Acts 18:3).

With them and God as witnesses, Paul reminds them of how holy and righteous and blameless their conduct was toward them as believers. In the New Testament, the word for holy is “hagios” and means set apart, reverend, sacred, and worthy of veneration. It is an attribute that applies to God and appears to be his predominant attribute in that he is not just holy, but he is holy, holy, holy. Stating a word three times is the greatest emphasis that can be put on anything or anyone in Scripture. Holiness applies to us as follows: ¹⁴ “As obedient children, do not be conformed to the passions of your former ignorance, ¹⁵ but as he who called you is holy, you also be holy in all your conduct, ¹⁶ since it is written, “You shall be holy, for I am holy.” (1 Peter 1:14 – 16 ESV).

To be righteous is to be right in a moral way. Righteousness is an attribute that, like holiness, belongs to God, the Lawgiver, and in manifested in his laws. It is a wonderful gift from God to believers through his love. It is the quality of being right in the eyes of God. It is not something we can attain through our own efforts because in comparison to God’s righteousness, “our righteous deeds are like filthy rags” (Isaiah 64:6). His righteousness comes to us through faith in Jesus Christ (Romans 3:22). “For our sake he made him to be sin who knew no sin, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God” (2 Corinthians 5:21 ESV). “He himself bore our sins in his body on the tree, that we might die to sin and live to righteousness. By his wounds you have been healed” (1 Peter 2:24 ESV).

To be blameless is to be moral. It is a way of life that rejects wickedness and accepts God’s way to live by. David said, “Vindicate me. O Lord, for I have walked in my integrity, and I have trusted in the Lord without wavering” (Psalm 26:1 ESV). David claims to have led a blameless life but that does not mean a perfectly sinless life, but a life grounded in the fear of the Lord. It is an acknowledgement of one’s absolute dependence on the gracious mercy of God. Being blameless will be fully realized at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. ¹¹ “Now may our God and Father himself, and our Lord Jesus, direct our way to you, ¹² and may the Lord make you increase and abound in love for one another and for all, as we do for you, ¹³ so that he may establish your hearts blameless in holiness before our God and Father, at the coming of our Lord Jesus with all his saints.” (1 Thessalonians 3:11 – 13 ESV).

Paul then challenges them as a father would his children and encourages them “to walk in a manner worthy of God.” To walk in such a manner is to be holy, righteous, and blameless in one’s conduct. God the Father chose us in the Lord Jesus Christ before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and blameless before him and if we are, then we are walking in a manner worthy of God. We were born into this world in sin, but we are called to come, through faith in Jesus Christ, into his own kingdom and glory. What a glorious time that will be!

^2:13 And we also thank God constantly for this, that when you received the word of God, which you heard from us, you accepted it not as the word of men but as what it really is, the word of God, which is at work in you believers. ¹⁴ For you, brothers, became imitators of the churches of God in Christ Jesus that are in Judea. For you suffered the same things from your own countrymen as they did from the Jews, ¹⁵ who killed both the Lord Jesus and the prophets, and drove us out, and displease God and oppose all mankind ¹⁶ by hindering us from speaking to the Gentiles that they might be saved—so as always to fill up the measure of their sins. But wrath has come upon them at last. (1 Thessalonians 2:13 – 16 ESV)

In the previous lesson, Paul draws their attention to his character while ministering to them; a conduct that was holy, righteous, and blameless. He then encouraged them to walk in a manner worthy of God. In this lesson we learn of their acceptance of the gospel and their willingness to suffer as did the churches in Judea.

Again, Paul reminds them of the first time he was with them, when they received the word of God from he and Silas, and they accepted it not as the word of men but for what it really was, the word of God. Paul tells them that he constantly thanks God for this. Paul is saying that he did not make up what he was teaching them, but that he had received it from God and as an apostle he is claiming absolute divine authority in what he said to them. Being the word of God, it is alive and brings about change in those who hear by faith.

By how these in Thessalonica received the word of God and how they lived through persecution, they were imitating the churches of God in Christ Jesus that were in Judea. Because of their faith in Jesus Christ, they were suffering the same things that their own countrymen did from the Jews, who killed both Jesus and the prophets. From the very beginning there has been opposition towards those who desire to live righteous or godly lives (2 Timothy 3:12). Cain rose and killed Abel (Genesis 4:8) and today in many parts of the world, Christians are being martyred for their faith. That trend will continue into the tribulation period and at Revelation 13:7 permission is granted to the first beast “to make war on the saints and to conquer them.” That is a very grim picture of the future for believers.

It was that same persecution that drove Paul and others out of Jerusalem; persecution that Jesus spoke of in Matthew 23:29 – 35 ESV: 29 “Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you build the tombs of the prophets and decorate the monuments of the righteous, 30 saying, ‘If we had lived in the days of our fathers, we would not have taken part with them in shedding the blood of the prophets.’ 31 Thus you witness against yourselves that you are sons of those who murdered the prophets. 32 Fill up, then, the measure of your fathers. 33 You serpents, you brood of vipers, how are you to escape being sentenced to hell? 34 Therefore I send you prophets and wise men and scribes, some of whom you will kill and crucify, and some you will flog in your synagogues and persecute from town to town, 35 so that on you may come all the righteous blood shed on earth, from the blood of righteous Abel to the blood of Zechariah the son of Barachiah, whom you murdered between the sanctuary and the altar.”

It is desirous that all mankind hear the gospel that offers salvation and to stand in the way of the gospel is to stand opposed to all mankind. God chose the Jews to reveal himself to and charged them to share him with the Gentiles, but the Jews saw them as unclean and chose to separate themselves from them. When Paul, a Jew in the true sense, chose to share the gospel with the Gentile and include those who believed in the church, opposition rose up against him and hindered him from speaking to them that they might be saved. Thus, the sin of those who oppose the gospel continues to grow until one day God’s wrath will come upon them.

As mentioned above with persecution growing against the believer to the point of being conquered (Revelation 13:7), and if we continue to read in Revelation we come to the harvest of the earth in Revelation 14:14 – 20 and then in Revelation 15 we are introduced to the seven angels with the seven bowls of wrath of God that are poured out on those who sin has reached a full measure in Revelation 16. With those bowls being poured out the wrath of God is finished (Revelation 15:1).

^2:17 But since we were torn away from you, brothers, for a short time, in person not in heart, we endeavored the more eagerly and with great desire to see you face to face, ¹⁸ because we wanted to come to you—I, Paul, again and again—but Satan hindered us. ¹⁹ For what is our hope or joy or crown of boasting before our Lord Jesus at his coming? Is it not you? ²⁰ For you are our glory and joy. (1 Thessalonians 2:17 – 20 ESV)

In the previous lesson Paul speaks of persecution that has existed against the righteous since the beginning; persecution that drove him out of Jerusalem to go and proclaim the gospel to the Gentile. Those who oppose the gospel will one day face the wrath of God. On that note, Paul ends his review of his ministry to those in Thessalonica and then in this lesson he expresses his longing to come and visit them again.

Just as 1 Thessalonians 2:1 – 12 is a defense of the “missionaries” (Paul, Silas, and others) during their mission in Thessalonica, we will find 1 Thessalonians 2:17 – 3:10 to be a defense of why the “missionaries” left for a time. We will learn about a concern that was growing over the missionaries’ premature departure from Thessalonica, the length of time they have been gone, and Paul’s own failure to return and see that it was being misunderstood as evidence of lack of pastoral concern for them. Paul wants them to understand this is not true.

Because of persecution, Paul speaks of being torn away from them, suggesting deep anguish for their involuntary separation for a short time in person, but not in heart. Because of this separation there is a growing desire on the part of Paul and others to be with them and see them face to face. Paul said they wanted to come again and again but Satan hindered them. We will learn in 3:2 that Timothy was sent to them to see what conditions were like there, thus ending the separation period.

To encourage them Paul speaks of how much they mean to him. He introduces his remarks of encouragement by saying, “I, Paul” which validates that Paul is the author of this letter. Paul then speaks of boasting before the Lord Jesus at this coming and states that such boasting is in the many converts, he is presenting before the Lord from Thessalonica. These converts make up his “glory and joy.”

What will be my glory and joy for the converts I bring before the Lord? If we have none to present will we want to draw back in shame because of not doing the work of serving the Lord as we should have? I find this to be a very sobering thought!

1. How does Paul describe the manner in which he and his companions came to the Thessalonians?

Answer:
Paul explains that their visit was not a failure or a mistake but was carried out with courage and sincerity despite previous suffering. They had been persecuted in Philippi, yet they continued to proclaim the gospel boldly in Thessalonica. Their ministry was not motivated by deception, impurity, or selfish ambition but by a genuine desire to please God.

Key Truth:
Faithful ministry requires courage and perseverance, especially when opposition exists. God’s message remains true even when His messengers face hardship.

2. What does Paul say about the motivation behind his preaching?

Answer:
Paul states that he and his companions did not preach to please people but to please God, who examines the heart. They were not seeking praise, personal gain, or recognition. Their purpose was to faithfully deliver the gospel entrusted to them by God.

Key Truth:
The true servant of God seeks God’s approval rather than human applause.

3. How does Paul describe the character of his ministry among the Thessalonians?

Answer:
Paul describes his ministry as gentle and caring, comparing himself to a nursing mother caring for her children. He and his companions shared not only the gospel but also their own lives because the Thessalonian believers had become deeply loved by them.

Key Truth:
Effective ministry is built on love, sacrifice, and personal investment in the lives of others.

4. Why did Paul and his companions work while they were preaching the gospel?

Answer:
Paul explains that they worked day and night so they would not become a burden to the believers. Their labor demonstrated their commitment and integrity, showing that they were not preaching for financial benefit but out of love for the Thessalonians.

Key Truth:
Godly leadership willingly sacrifices personal comfort to serve others.

5. How does Paul describe the way he and his companions treated the Thessalonian believers?

Answer:
Paul says they behaved in a holy, righteous, and blameless manner. Like a father with his children, they encouraged, comforted, and urged the believers to live in a way worthy of God, who calls them into His kingdom and glory.

Key Truth:
Spiritual leaders should model the faith they teach and encourage others toward faithful living.

6. How did the Thessalonians respond when they received the message from Paul?

Answer:
Paul rejoices that they accepted the message not as the word of men but as the Word of God. They recognized that the gospel was divine truth, and that Word continued to work within them as believers.

Key Truth:
The power of Scripture comes from its source—God Himself—not merely from the person who delivers it.

7. What comparison does Paul make between the Thessalonian believers and the churches of God in Judea?

Answer:
Paul says the Thessalonians became imitators of the churches in Judea because they endured suffering from their own countrymen, just as Jewish believers had suffered from their fellow Jews. Their willingness to endure persecution demonstrated the reality of their faith.

Key Truth:
Suffering for Christ connects believers with God’s people throughout history and reveals genuine faith.

8. What opposition did Paul mention regarding those who rejected the gospel?

Answer:
Paul describes those who opposed the gospel as people who rejected God’s message, hindered the apostles from speaking to the Gentiles, and continued in actions that displeased God. Their opposition demonstrated their resistance to God’s purposes.

Key Truth:
Rejecting God’s truth brings spiritual consequences, while accepting His truth brings life.

9. Why had Paul been separated from the Thessalonian believers?

Answer:
Paul explains that he was separated from them physically, but not emotionally or spiritually. He longed to return because of his deep affection for them, but circumstances prevented him from coming.

Key Truth:
Physical distance cannot separate believers who share love and commitment in Christ.

10. Who does Paul identify as his hope, joy, and crown of boasting?

Answer:
Paul identifies the Thessalonian believers themselves as his hope, joy, and crown of boasting before the Lord Jesus at His coming. Their spiritual growth was evidence of the fruit of his ministry.

Key Truth:
The greatest reward of faithful ministry is seeing people transformed by Christ.

Summary Understanding of 1 Thessalonians 2

1 Thessalonians 2 teaches that faithful gospel ministry is marked by courage, sincerity, humility, love, sacrifice, and endurance. Paul reminds the Thessalonians that the gospel was delivered not through human ambition but through servants who sought to please God. The chapter also highlights the transforming power of God’s Word and encourages believers to remain faithful even when facing opposition.

Central Theme:
Faithful servants of God proclaim His truth with courage, live with integrity, love those they serve, and endure hardship for the sake of Christ.

1 Thessalonians 3 reveals Paul’s deep pastoral love and concern for the believers in Thessalonica. Unable to return to them himself because of persecution and opposition, Paul sends Timothy to strengthen and encourage their faith. Timothy’s return with a positive report brings Paul great joy, as he learns that the Thessalonians remain steadfast despite suffering and trials. In this chapter, Paul expresses the importance of spiritual encouragement, perseverance in faith, and the strengthening of believers through love and prayer. He reminds them that hardship is part of the Christian journey and that genuine faith is demonstrated by endurance in the midst of difficulties. The chapter concludes with Paul’s heartfelt prayer that God would increase their love, establish their hearts in holiness, and prepare them for the coming of the Lord Jesus. 1 Thessalonians 3 emphasizes that faithful believers grow stronger when they remain rooted in Christ, supported by one another, and focused on the hope of Christ’s return.

^3:1 Therefore when we could bear it no longer, we were willing to be left behind at Athens alone, ² and we sent Timothy, our brother and God’s coworker in the gospel of Christ, to establish and exhort you in your faith, ³ that no one be moved by these afflictions. For you yourselves know that we are destined for this. ⁴ For when we were with you, we kept telling you beforehand that we were to suffer affliction, just as it has come to pass, and just as you know. ⁵ For this reason, when I could bear it no longer, I sent to learn about your faith, for fear that somehow the tempter had tempted you and our labor would be in vain. (1 Thessalonians 3:1 – 5 ESV)

The previous lesson was a transition lesson between the defense of the missionaries who first came to Thessalonica with the gospel and the defense of why they left and were absent for a time. In this lesson we will learn that Paul and others could not bear the separation any longer and decided to send Timothy to them to establish and exhort them in their faith.

“Therefore” directs our attention to what Paul said about being absent from them and how much they would like to return to see them. I understand this, for having spent several years in China teaching Bible and living with a Chinese couple, I also long to return for a while. Those who had spent time in Thessalonica discussed what should be done and decided to send Timothy to help establish and exhort them in the faith once again. Paul and Silas, and maybe others, may have felt that it was still not safe to return and would wait for a report from Timothy, which would come in 3:6.

From Acts 16:1 – 5 we know that Timothy joined Paul and Silas and since there is no mention of leaving Timothy someplace along the way to Thessalonica, it is assumed that he was there with them but remained in the background and as a result he was not persecuted as Paul and Silas were. Being less well known in Thessalonica it was decided it would be safer to send Timothy. Since he was maybe not that well known there, Paul introduces him to them by describing him as a brother and God’s coworker in the gospel of Christ.

The purpose of sending Timothy was to again establish a presence with them and show them that they were important to them and wanted to help them again grow in their faith. Paul wanted Timothy to encourage them in their suffering from persecution and not be drawn away from the faith. Paul points out to them that we as believers are destined to suffer for our faith. Paul said in Acts 14:22 ESV: “through many tribulations we must enter the kingdom of God.” Paul further said in 2 Timothy 3:12 ESV: “Indeed, all who desire to live a godly life in Christ Jesus will be persecuted.”

Paul reminds them of his first visit when he informed them that he would suffer affliction there. As they know it came to pass and has also afflicted them. Paul was concerned about how they were enduring their persecution and not able to bear that concern any longer, Timothy was sent to learn about their faith, for fear that somehow the tempter had tempted them and drawn them away from the faith resulting in their labor being in vain.

As I write this, I find that my mind is divided. I am thinking about Paul and his concern for them at Thessalonica and his desire to be with them, but I am also thinking about my concern for those I ministered to during my time in China and my desire to be with them again. I understand Paul’s struggle and I have to be satisfied with limited communication with them and the time I spend with the Chinese couple I lived with when they come to the city in which I live to visit their daughter I brought back with me in 2012. She has since married and has a child with the second on the way.

Had I not been obedient to God’s call to China, I would have missed one of the most important parts of my life. It was a time when I saw God at work and experienced him in ways I would have otherwise missed. For this experience I am eternally grateful.

^3:6 But now that Timothy has come to us from you, and has brought us the good news of your faith and love and reported that you always remember us kindly and long to see us, as we long to see you— ⁷ for this reason, brothers, in all our distress and affliction we have been comforted about you through your faith. ⁸ For now we live, if you are standing fast in the Lord. ⁹ For what thanksgiving can we return to God for you, for all the joy that we feel for your sake before our God, ¹⁰ as we pray most earnestly night and day that we may see you face to face and supply what is lacking in your faith? (1 Thessalonians 3:6 – 10 ESV)

In the previous lesson it was decided to send Timothy to Thessalonica as a means of encouragement to them. In this lesson Timothy returns with an encouraging report but, as we will see later, with some concerns.

With this report of good news about their faith and love comes an indication that they have not forgotten the work Paul and others did when they were first there. Just as Paul wants to see them, they also long to see him. This report marks the time when Paul composed this letter to the Thessalonians. Paul needed this report to know what to write, just as John need to go up to heaven in Revelation 4:1 to learn what to write next. Again, Paul reassures them that he longs to see them. Those who were serving in Thessalonica, as missionaries, are also suffering distress and affliction, but the good news about their faith has been a comfort to them.

“For now we live [again]” is making a comparison between how the missionaries feel now compared to how they felt as described in 2:17 – 3:5 when they didn’t know what the church thought of them for leaving them. Having received good news from them has lifted a great weight from them allowing the missionaries to live again but only if they continue to stand fast in their faith in the Lord.

Another way of translating 3:9 would be to say, “For how can we thank God enough for you.” (NET) Paul wants them to know how much joy it produced for them to know of their faithfulness. Paul then expresses his sincerity by stating that they pray most earnestly night and day for them that they might soon see them face to face and supply what is lacking in their faith.

To “supply what is lacking in their faith” suggest the work of Christian instruction was not complete before persecution forced them to leave. Those who initially served in Thessalonica want to return to complete that instruction. As we will see later in our study, one of those things that was not covered sufficiently is related to the second coming and the final resurrection. That is covered in 4:13 – 18 (ESV) and reads as follows: ¹³ “But we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers, about those who are asleep, that you may not grieve as others do who have no hope. ¹⁴ For since we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so, through Jesus, God will bring with him those who have fallen asleep. ¹⁵ For this we declare to you by a word from the Lord, that we who are alive, who are left until the coming of the Lord, will not precede those who have fallen asleep. ¹⁶ For the Lord himself will descend from heaven with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet of God. And the dead in Christ will rise first. ¹⁷ Then we who are alive, who are left, will be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air, and so we will always be with the Lord. ¹⁸ Therefore encourage one another with these words.”

^3:11 Now may our God and Father himself, and our Lord Jesus, direct our way to you, ¹² and may the Lord make you increase and abound in love for one another and for all, as we do for you, ¹³ so that he may establish your hearts blameless in holiness before our God and Father, at the coming of our Lord Jesus with all his saints. (1 Thessalonians 3:11 – 13 ESV)

In the previous lesson the missionaries who were initially in Thessalonica were relieved when Timothy returns with a good report about their faith and love and desire for them to return to finish the instruction they started. In this lesson we will cover a short pastoral prayer for the Thessalonians.

In Galatians 1:3 – 5 (ESV), Paul wrote: ³ “Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ, ⁴ who gave himself for our sins to deliver us from the present evil age, according to the will of our God and Father, ⁵ to whom be the glory forever and ever. Amen.” Jesus Christ became our Passover Lamb and took our sin and died in our place redeeming us from the curse of the law. As a result, we can receive grace and peace from God.

Paul asks that God would direct their way to them. He adds to this in 2 Thessalonians 3:5 (ESV) in saying to them: “May the Lord direct your hearts to the love of God and to the steadfastness of Christ.” Paul wants the opportunity to return to them for the purpose of encouraging them to direct their “hearts to the love of God and to the steadfastness of Christ.”

Paul then asks the Lord to cause them to increase and abound in love for one another and for all, just as they do for them. This love for one another is commanded by Jesus (John 15:17) and is to be the kind of love, a sacrificial love, with which Jesus loves us (John 15:12). Such love is evidence that we are his disciples (John 13:35). “If anyone says, “I love God,” and hates his brother, he is a liar; for he who does not love his brother whom he has seen cannot love God whom he has not seen” I1 John 4:20 ESV).

Paul continues by saying such love is required if we are to establish our hearts blameless in holiness before our God and Father. God is love and the Holy Spirit is God and thus his presence in us means that love exist within us and if it does then it should manifest itself in “joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, [and] self-control” (Galatians 5:22 – 23 ESV).

We are to present ourselves at the coming of the Lord Jesus with hearts that are blameless in holiness not in shame for not allowing love to mature within us as it should. John instructs us in 1 John 2:28 (ESV) as follows: “And now, little children, abide in him, so that when he appears we may have confidence and not shrink from him in shame at his coming.” To abide in him in this context is to stay close to him in our relationship with hearts blameless in holiness before God.

1. Why did Paul send Timothy to the Thessalonians?

Answer:
Paul sent Timothy to strengthen and encourage the believers in their faith because he was concerned that the trials and persecution they were experiencing might cause them to become discouraged or fall away. Paul viewed their spiritual stability as extremely important and wanted them to remain firm in their commitment to Christ.

1 Thessalonians 3:2–3 (ESV)
“and we sent Timothy, our brother and God’s coworker in the gospel of Christ, to establish and exhort you in your faith, that no one be moved by these afflictions.”

2. What did Paul warn the Thessalonians would happen to believers?

Answer:
Paul reminded them that suffering and persecution are not unexpected for followers of Christ. He taught that believers should anticipate trials because Jesus Himself suffered, and those who follow Him will often face opposition from the world. Trials do not mean God has abandoned His people; rather, they can strengthen faith and perseverance.

1 Thessalonians 3:3–4 (ESV)
“For you yourselves know that we are destined for this. For when we were with you, we told you beforehand that we were to suffer affliction, just as it has come to pass, and as you know.”

3. Why was Paul concerned that the tempter might have tempted the Thessalonians?

Answer:
Paul knew that hardship could create doubt, fear, or discouragement. He was concerned that Satan, the tempter, might use their suffering to weaken their faith and make their work in the gospel ineffective. Paul’s concern reveals the reality of spiritual warfare and the need for believers to remain grounded in truth.

1 Thessalonians 3:5 (ESV)
“For this reason, when I could bear it no longer, I sent to learn about your faith, for fear that somehow the tempter had tempted you and our labor would be in vain.”

4. What encouraging news did Timothy bring back to Paul?

Answer:
Timothy reported that the Thessalonians remained strong in their faith and love. They remembered Paul fondly and desired to see him again just as he desired to see them. This report brought great encouragement and joy to Paul because it showed that their faith had endured despite persecution.

1 Thessalonians 3:6 (ESV)
“But now that Timothy has come to us from you, and has brought us the good news of your faith and love…”

5. How did the faithfulness of the Thessalonians affect Paul?

Answer:
The Thessalonians’ continued faith gave Paul comfort during his own struggles. Their spiritual growth reminded him that his labor for Christ was producing lasting fruit. Their faithfulness brought encouragement because Paul understood that the greatest reward of ministry is seeing people remain faithful to God.

1 Thessalonians 3:7–8 (ESV)
“For now we live, if you are standing fast in the Lord.”

6. Why did Paul say he could hardly express his gratitude to God?

Answer:
Paul was overwhelmed with joy because the Thessalonians had remained faithful. Their perseverance caused him to rejoice before God. Paul recognized that their spiritual strength was ultimately a work of God’s grace and deserved thanksgiving.

1 Thessalonians 3:9 (ESV)
“For what thanksgiving can we return to God for you, for all the joy that we feel for your sake before our God.”

7. What did Paul continually pray for concerning the Thessalonians?

Answer:
Paul prayed that he would be able to visit them again and help strengthen what was lacking in their faith. Although they were doing well spiritually, Paul understood that every believer continues to grow and mature in Christ.

1 Thessalonians 3:10 (ESV)
“as we pray most earnestly night and day that we may see you face to face and supply what is lacking in your faith?”

8. What did Paul desire God to do for the Thessalonians?

Answer:
Paul prayed that God would increase their love for one another and for all people. He understood that genuine Christian maturity is demonstrated through love. A growing faith naturally produces a greater love that reflects the character of Christ.

1 Thessalonians 3:11–12 (ESV)
“May the Lord make you increase and abound in love for one another and for all, as we do for you.”

9. How does love strengthen believers spiritually?

Answer:
Love strengthens believers by producing unity, compassion, patience, and holiness. When Christians grow in love, their relationships reflect Christ more clearly, and their lives become a testimony to others. Love prepares believers to stand blameless before God.

10. What does Paul mean when he prays that their hearts would be established blameless in holiness?

Answer:
Paul is praying that the Thessalonians would become spiritually mature and remain faithful until Christ returns. Holiness means being set apart for God and living according to His will. Paul looked beyond present struggles and focused on the future day when believers would stand before Christ.

1 Thessalonians 3:13 (ESV)
“so that he may establish your hearts blameless in holiness before our God and Father, at the coming of our Lord Jesus with all his saints.”

11. What are the major lessons from 1 Thessalonians 3?

Answer:

1. Faith must be strengthened during trials.
   Difficult circumstances can test faith, but God uses them to produce endurance.
2. Spiritual encouragement is essential.
   Paul cared deeply about the spiritual condition of other believers and took action to encourage them.
3. Faithfulness brings joy to others.
   The perseverance of the Thessalonians encouraged Paul and demonstrated the fruit of the gospel.
4. Christian growth continues throughout life.
   Even faithful believers need to continue growing in faith, love, and holiness.
5. Love is evidence of spiritual maturity.
   A growing relationship with Christ produces increasing love for others.
6. Believers live with the hope of Christ’s return.
   Paul encouraged the Thessalonians to remain faithful because they would one day stand before Christ.

Summary Understanding of 1 Thessalonians 3

1 Thessalonians 3 reveals Paul’s deep pastoral concern for the spiritual strength of the Thessalonian believers. Through Timothy’s encouraging report, Paul learns that their faith has remained firm despite suffering. The chapter teaches that trials are part of the Christian journey, but God strengthens believers through faith, love, and encouragement from one another. Paul’s prayer demonstrates that the ultimate goal of Christian growth is a life established in holiness and prepared for the return of Jesus Christ.

1 Thessalonians 4 marks a transition in Paul’s letter from encouragement and thanksgiving into practical instruction for Christian living. After expressing his joy over the Thessalonians’ faith and perseverance, Paul urges them to continue growing in holiness, especially in the areas of moral purity, brotherly love, and faithful daily conduct. He reminds believers that God’s will is their sanctification and calls them to live in a way that honors God rather than following the sinful patterns of the surrounding culture. Paul also encourages them to love one another more deeply and to live quietly, responsibly, and faithfully as witnesses before others. The chapter concludes with one of the clearest teachings in Scripture about the return of Christ, explaining that believers who have died will be raised and reunited with those who are alive at His coming. This promise of resurrection and eternal fellowship with the Lord is given as a source of comfort and hope, reminding Christians that death does not defeat God’s plan and that those who belong to Christ will forever be with Him.

^4:1 Finally, then, brothers, we ask and urge you in the Lord Jesus, that as you received from us how you ought to walk and to please God, just as you are doing, that you do so more and more. ² For you know what instructions we gave you through the Lord Jesus. ³ For this is the will of God, your sanctification: that you abstain from sexual immorality; ⁴ that each one of you know how to control his own body in holiness and honor, ⁵ not in the passion of lust like the Gentiles who do not know God; ⁶ that no one transgress and wrong his brother in this matter, because the Lord is an avenger in all these things, as we told you beforehand and solemnly warned you. ⁷ For God has not called us for impurity, but in holiness. ⁸ Therefore whoever disregards this, disregards not man but God, who gives his Holy Spirit to you. (1 Thessalonians 4:1 – 8 ESV)

In the previous lesson Paul prays for those in Thessalonica that they would increase and abound in love for the purpose of being established with hearts blameless before God. With this lesson we begin a major section that covers the remainder of this letter. The first topic of this section is about living a life that is pleasing to God.

“Finally,” located here in the letter does not mean that Paul is near the end of his letter, for there is still much to cover. It probably means that this is the last major section of the letter. What he is about to write is important because he urges believers to continue to walk with the Lord and even to do so more and more. That walk is to be a life that is pleasing to the Lord. In Colossians 1:9 – 12 (ESV), Paul amplifies it and writes: ⁹ “And so, from the day we heard, we have not ceased to pray for you, asking that you may be filled with the knowledge of his will in all spiritual wisdom and understanding, ¹⁰ so as to walk in a manner worthy of the Lord, fully pleasing to him: bearing fruit in every good work and increasing in the knowledge of God; ¹¹ being strengthened with all power, according to his glorious might, for all endurance and patience with joy; ¹² giving thanks to the Father, who has qualified you to share in the inheritance of the saints in light.” For them to walk in a pleasing manner to God they are to follow the instructions they were given through the Lord Jesus.

A problem that apparently existed then, as it does now, was “sexual immorality.” Paul instructs them to abstain from sexual immorality as part of the process of their sanctification, which is God’s will. As former pagans, the draw of sexual sin was strong, resulting in the need of emphasis to abstain. Paul stresses that they are not to succumb to the passion of lust like the Gentiles who do not know God, but instead control their own bodies in holiness and honor. In Romans 1:24 – 27 (ESV), Paul points out a warning: ²⁴ “Therefore God gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to impurity, to the dishonoring of their bodies among themselves, ²⁵ because they exchanged the truth about God for a lie and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever! Amen. ²⁶ For this reason God gave them up to dishonorable passions. For their women exchanged natural relations for those that are contrary to nature; ²⁷ and the men likewise gave up natural relations with women and were consumed with passion for one another, men committing shameless acts with men and receiving in themselves the due penalty for their error.” These people knew God but chose not to honor him or to give thanks to him, and as a result they became futile in their thinking and their foolish hearts became darkened because of their sin.

Paul encourages them not to live in this way and thus transgress and wrong a brother or sister in the matter, because the Lord in an avenger in all these things. “Vengeance is mine, I will repay, says the Lord” (Romans 12:19 ESV). “Let marriage be held in honor among all, and let the marriage bed be undefiled, for God will judge the sexually immoral and adulterous” (Hebrews 13:4 ESV).

As believers, we have been called by God to live in holiness, not in impurity. Since he who called us is holy, he expects us to also be holy in all our conduct (1 Peter 1:15), and anyone who disregards this, is disregarding God. He who keeps God’s commandments abides in God and God abides in him, and by the Spirit, who is given to us, we now if we abide in God.

^4:9 Now concerning brotherly love you have no need for anyone to write to you, for you yourselves have been taught by God to love one another, ¹⁰ for that indeed is what you are doing to all the brothers throughout Macedonia. But we urge you, brothers, to do this more and more, ¹¹ and to aspire to live quietly, and to mind your own affairs, and to work with your hands, as we instructed you, ¹² so that you may walk properly before outsiders and be dependent on no one. (1 Thessalonians 4:9 – 12 ESV)

In the previous lesson the importance of abstaining from sexual immorality was stressed. We are to control our own bodies and live in holiness. In this lesson we are instructed to love one another.

Looking at verses 9 through 12, one notices two topics: (1) the importance of loving one another and (2) earn a living and not be dependent on others.

They knew the importance of loving one another for Jeremiah informed them that God would put his law within them and would write it on their hearts (Jeremiah 31:33). As believers in the New Testament, we have the Holy Spirit if we abide in the Lord, as we read in 1 John 2:27 ESV: “But the anointing that you received from him abides in you, and you have no need that anyone should teach you. But as his anointing teaches you about everything, and is true, and is no lie—just as it has taught you, abide in him.” God’s love abides within us as believers and his Spirit teaches us to love one another as we are loved.

By this love we fulfill the law. Paul says in Romans 13:8 – 10 ESV: ⁸ “Owe no one anything, except to love each other, for the one who loves another has fulfilled the law. ⁹ For the commandments, “You shall not commit adultery, You shall not murder, You shall not steal, You shall not covet,” and any other commandment, are summed up in this word: “You shall love your neighbor as yourself.” ¹⁰ Love does no wrong to a neighbor; therefore love is the fulfilling of the law.” This act of loving one another, Paul says they have been doing to all the brothers throughout Macedonia, but they are urged to love even more.

The second point about earning a living and not being dependent on others is not clear as why it was mentioned. This issue of not working was mentioned in 2 Thessalonians 3:10 ESV: “For even when we were with you, we would give you this command: If anyone is not willing to work, let him not eat.” It appears that possibility there was a lack of understanding about end times and people had stopped working and were waiting for his return, and while they were waiting they were getting into trouble and as they ran out of money they were trying to live off those who were rich.

Paul had instructed them when he was first in Thessalonica and now reminds them “to mind their own affairs and work with their own hands” for the purpose of walking properly before outsiders that may be watching them. In a first-century Greco-Roman environment it would have been disgraceful for believers to shamelessly exploit the charity of wealthier believers. This is another possible sin that Paul wants them to avoid.

^4:13 But we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers, about those who are asleep, that you may not grieve as others do who have no hope. ¹⁴ For since we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so, through Jesus, God will bring with him those who have fallen asleep. ¹⁵ For this we declare to you by a word from the Lord, that we who are alive, who are left until the coming of the Lord, will not precede those who have fallen asleep. ¹⁶ For the Lord himself will descend from heaven with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet of God. And the dead in Christ will rise first. ¹⁷ Then we who are alive, who are left, will be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air, and so we will always be with the Lord. ¹⁸ Therefore encourage one another with these words. (1 Thessalonians 4:13 – 18 ESV)

In the previous lesson, Paul pointed out the importance of loving one another and staying employed to provide for their needs. With this lesson Paul provides instruction on the coming of the Lord to clarify some apparent misunderstanding held by some in the church.

Up to this point in the letter, Paul has not taught believers anything new. He has been reminding them of things taught when they first visited Thessalonica and encouraging them to press on in their walk with the Lord in the face of persecution. Paul now wants to inform them about those “who are asleep;” those who died before the Lord returned. Using the metaphor of “sleep” emphasizes the hope of resurrection, that believers will one day “wake up” out of death.

Paul does not want them to grieve at the time of death as others do that have no hope. Grieving is not wrong when a loved one dies, but it is wrong to grieve in a hopeless manner as unbelievers do. As believers, we have hope that we will rise from the dead (1 Corinthians 15:42 – 57) to enjoy the blessings that will come with the second coming. Our hope is in Jesus who died and rose again, and when he returns, he will bring with him those who have died.

When a believer dies, he or she goes to heaven, but the body is left behind. In heaven the person has some form of body because those in Revelation 6:11 were given a white robe to wear. When the Lord returns with believers at the sound of the trumpet of God, the dead bodies of those who came with the Lord will be resurrected to clothe them with a perfect eternal body. Then those believers who are still alive on earth will be caught up, or raptured, and their bodies transformed into perfect eternal bodies. Whether we watch our bodies being raised and transformed into a perfect eternal state as we are clothed by them or whether we are caught up alive and transformed in the process, it is an experience to look forward to with great anticipation. What a thrill that will be! With each believer now clothed with a perfect eternal body, our salvation would be complete.

I would like to ask a question at this point; it is only a question. There is a rapture at the coming of the Lord at the sound of the trumpet of God. The question is, “Is there also a rapture at an earlier time like at the beginning of the tribulation period?” Is there a rapture that removes the church before the tribulation? If so, are there believers during the tribulation period? The answer is yes. If those believers meet in groups for fellowship would they not be considered according to Acts 1 a church? Might the answer be yes and if so then what might this imply about a pre-trib rapture of the church? Just something to think about.

Someone is sure to remind me about the need to remove the restrainer. This will become a topic of later study. There is also the question of the imminent return of Jesus. Can the return of Jesus Christ truly be said to be imminent? That will also be a topic of later study.

^4:16 For the Lord himself will descend from heaven with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet of God. And the dead in Christ will rise first. ¹⁷ Then we who are alive, who are left, will be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air, and so we will always be with the Lord. (1 Thessalonians 4:16 – 17 ESV)

In the previous lesson we considered the resurrection of our bodies at the coming of the Lord. In this lesson we will spend some more time looking at verses 16 and 17.

Notice in verse 16 there are three sounds associated with the bringing of the perfect eternal bodies to believers. Those three sounds are: (1) a cry of command, (2) the voice of an archangel, and (3) the sound of the trumpet of God.

The Lord himself will descend from heaven with a cry of command or as several translations say, “with a shout.” It is not clear who the cry of command is from. It appears it is from the Lord himself and is supported by John 5:25 ESV: “Truly, truly, I say to you, an hour is coming, and is now here, when the dead will hear the voice of the Son of God, and those who hear will live.” However, some support the idea that the Lord would not make such a shout as the dignity of the scene is better suited to imagine the loud shout of command coming from someone who accompanies the Lord.

The second sound is from the voice of an archangel. Who might that be and is there more than one archangel? The Book of Enoch mentions seven archangels by name. Various other sources limit the number to four or to maybe three. In the ESV translation of the Bible, “archangel” is mentioned only two times: here in 1 Thessalonians 4:16 and in Jude 1:9. In Jude 1:9 the archangel is identified as Michael. We can conclude that the voice of the archangel that was heard was the voice of Michael.

The third sound is the trumpet of God. In Matthew 24:30 – 31 Jesus speaks of his coming on the clouds of heaven with power and great glory and with a loud trumpet call he sends out his angels to gather up his elect. In 1 Corinthians 15:52 the raising of the dead is associated with the sound of the last trumpet. We will look at this in our Revelation study.

As covered in the previous lesson, the remains of those who have died are raised first, forming perfect eternal bodies for those who came from heaven with the Lord. Then those who are still alive on earth are caught up and as they rise their bodies are transformed into perfect eternal bodies. The clouds that believers are caught up to are most likely not normal clouds as we know them but are clouds like those experienced at the transfiguration (Matthew 17:5). Such clouds of glory are found in numerous places in Scripture.

1. What is Paul’s primary encouragement to the Thessalonian believers at the beginning of chapter 4?

Answer:
Paul encourages the believers to continue growing in their faith and to live in a way that pleases God. He reminds them that they already know the instructions they received from him through the Lord Jesus and urges them to “do so more and more” (1 Thessalonians 4:1). Christian growth is not a one-time achievement but a continual process of becoming more like Christ.

2. What does Paul identify as God’s will for believers in 1 Thessalonians 4:3?

Answer:
Paul states, “For this is the will of God, your sanctification: that you abstain from sexual immorality” (1 Thessalonians 4:3). God desires that believers be set apart for Him, living holy lives that reflect His character. Sexual purity is specifically addressed because the surrounding culture often promoted immoral behavior, but God calls His people to honor Him with their bodies.

3. Why does Paul emphasize controlling one’s own body in holiness and honor?

Answer:
Paul teaches that each believer should “know how to control his own body in holiness and honor” (1 Thessalonians 4:4). The believer’s body belongs to God and should not be controlled by sinful passions. Holiness involves self-control, respect for God’s design, and living in a manner that honors both God and others.

4. How does Paul contrast Christian living with the life of those who do not know God?

Answer:
Paul explains that unbelievers often live according to “the passion of lust,” but believers are called to a different standard because they know God (1 Thessalonians 4:5). Christians are not to be shaped by the desires of the world but by their relationship with God and their commitment to holiness.

5. What warning does Paul give concerning wronging or taking advantage of another believer?

Answer:
Paul warns that no one should “transgress and wrong his brother” in matters of purity because “the Lord is an avenger in all these things” (1 Thessalonians 4:6). God takes seriously how His people treat one another. Sexual sin is not merely a private matter; it can harm others and violate the holiness God calls His people to pursue.

6. Why does Paul remind the Thessalonians that God has called believers to holiness?

Answer:
Paul writes, “For God has not called us for impurity, but in holiness” (1 Thessalonians 4:7). The Christian life is based on God’s calling. Believers are not simply following rules; they are responding to God’s purpose of transforming them into people who reflect His holiness.

7. What does rejecting Paul’s teaching about holiness ultimately mean?

Answer:
Paul explains that rejecting this teaching is not merely rejecting human advice but rejecting God, “who gives his Holy Spirit to you” (1 Thessalonians 4:8). The Holy Spirit empowers believers to live differently and provides the strength needed for holy living.

8. What does Paul say about brotherly love among the Thessalonians?

Answer:
Paul acknowledges that the Thessalonians have been taught by God to love one another and recognizes their love for believers throughout Macedonia (1 Thessalonians 4:9–10). Their faith was demonstrated through practical love, generosity, and concern for other Christians.

9. Why does Paul encourage the Thessalonians to increase in love even though they were already loving others?

Answer:
Paul tells them to “do this more and more” (1 Thessalonians 4:10). Christian love is never complete or finished. As believers grow closer to Christ, their love for others should continue increasing in depth, sacrifice, and consistency.

10. What three practical instructions does Paul give regarding daily living?

Answer:
Paul instructs believers:

1. “Aspire to live quietly” — pursue peace and avoid unnecessary conflict.
2. “Mind your own affairs” — take responsibility for personal obedience rather than becoming involved improperly in others’ matters.
3. “Work with your hands” — live responsibly and faithfully rather than depending improperly on others (1 Thessalonians 4:11).

These instructions emphasize a life of humility, responsibility, and honorable conduct.

11. Why does Paul encourage believers to live responsibly before outsiders?

Answer:
Paul says believers should “walk properly before outsiders and be dependent on no one” (1 Thessalonians 4:12). A faithful Christian witness includes how believers conduct themselves in ordinary life. Responsible living demonstrates the transforming power of the gospel.

12. Why does Paul address the subject of believers who have died?

Answer:
Paul does not want the Thessalonians to grieve like those “who have no hope” (1 Thessalonians 4:13). Some believers were concerned about what would happen to Christians who died before Christ’s return. Paul provides assurance that death does not separate believers from God’s promises.

13. What foundational truth does Paul state about Jesus’ death and resurrection?

Answer:
Paul writes, “Since we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so, through Jesus, God will bring with him those who have fallen asleep” (1 Thessalonians 4:14). The resurrection of Jesus guarantees the future resurrection of His followers. Christian hope is rooted in the victory of Christ over death.

14. What will happen when Jesus returns according to Paul’s teaching?

Answer:
Paul explains that the Lord Himself will descend from heaven “with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet of God” (1 Thessalonians 4:16). The dead in Christ will rise first, and then living believers will be caught up together with them to meet the Lord.

15. What does the phrase “caught up together…to meet the Lord in the air” teach believers?

Answer:
This passage teaches the hope of Christ’s return and the eternal reunion of believers with Him. Those who belong to Christ will be gathered into His presence, and their relationship with Him will continue forever.

16. How does Paul conclude his teaching about Christ’s return?

Answer:
Paul concludes, “Therefore encourage one another with these words” (1 Thessalonians 4:18). The doctrine of Christ’s return is not meant to create fear but hope, comfort, and encouragement. Believers can face death and uncertainty knowing that Christ has secured their future.

Summary Understanding of 1 Thessalonians 4

1 Thessalonians 4 teaches that believers are called to live holy lives, demonstrate increasing love, work faithfully, and remain hopeful because Jesus Christ will return. Paul connects everyday Christian conduct with the greater hope of resurrection, showing that the promise of eternity with Christ should transform how believers live today.

In 1 Thessalonians 5, Paul concludes his first letter to the church in Thessalonica by teaching believers how they should live in light of the certainty of Christ’s return. He reminds them that the “day of the Lord” will come unexpectedly, like a thief in the night, but those who belong to Christ should not live in fear or darkness. Instead, they are called to remain spiritually alert, putting on the armor of faith, love, and hope as they wait for the fulfillment of God’s promises. Paul encourages the church to strengthen one another, respect spiritual leaders, pursue peace, rejoice always, pray continually, give thanks in all circumstances, and hold firmly to what is good. The chapter closes with a prayer that God Himself would sanctify His people completely and preserve them blameless until the coming of Jesus Christ. Through these final instructions, Paul emphasizes that hope in Christ’s return should produce a life marked by holiness, encouragement, perseverance, and faithful service.

^5:1 Now concerning the times and the seasons, brothers, you have no need to have anything written to you. ² For you yourselves are fully aware that the day of the Lord will come like a thief in the night. ³ While people are saying, “There is peace and security,” then sudden destruction will come upon them as labor pains come upon a pregnant woman, and they will not escape. (1 Thessalonians 5:1 – 3 ESV)

In the previous lesson we finished the topic of the coming of the Lord. In this lesson we will consider the day of the Lord, a topic Paul identifies with “times and seasons.”

“Now concerning” suggest that Timothy returned with a question or a concern about end times. Paul indicates that he should not have to write anything about that because they should already know about the day of the Lord, which is the period of time in the future when the Lord will intervene in the events of this earth to consummate his redemption and his judgment. It includes both blessings and curses, though the latter is emphasized here.

Let us consider some verses that relate to the day of the Lord.

⁶ “Wail, for the day of the Lord is near as destruction from the Almighty it will come! ⁷ Therefore all hands will be feeble, and every human heart will melt. ⁸ They will be dismayed: pangs and agony will seize them; they will be in anguish like a woman in labor. They will look aghast at one another; their faces will be aflame. ⁹ Behold, the day of the Lord comes, cruel, with wrath and fierce anger, to make the land a desolation and to destroy its sinners from it. ¹⁰ For the stars of the heavens and their constellations will not give their light; the sun will be dark at its rising, and the moon will not shed its light. ¹¹ I will punish the world for its evil, and the wicked for their iniquity; I will put an end to the pomp of the arrogant and lay low the pompous pride of the ruthless. ¹² I will make people more rare than fine gold, and mankind than the gold of Ophir. ¹³ Therefore I will make the heavens tremble, and the earth will be shaken out of its place, at the wrath of the Lord of hosts in the day of his fierce anger.” (Isaiah 13:6 – 13 ESV). It will be a day of judgment, of severe suffering, and a time of God’s wrath against those who have not obtained salvation through the Lord Jesus Christ.

It will be a time of judgment for the nations (Ezekiel 30:3). “For behold, the day is coming, burning like an oven, when all the arrogant and all evildoers will be stubble. The day that is coming shall set them ablaze, says the Lord of hosts, so that it will leave them neither root nor branch” (Malachi 4:1 ESV). “But the day of the Lord will come like a thief, and then the heavens will pass away with a roar, and the heavenly bodies will be burned up and dissolved, and the earth and the works that are done on it will be exposed” (2 Peter 3:10 ESV). The day of the Lord describes a time of judgment which has two specific events with the first occurring near the end of the tribulation period and the second at the end of the thousand-year period.

Paul describes the day of the Lord as a time following the time when people say, “There is peace and security.” In this year 2020, we are experiencing an uprising of lawlessness throughout the world and people are longing for someone to appear with a solution to bring peace and security. God sent his Son as that person, but he was rejected. Soon another person will appear who people will believe to be their deliverer, but he is a deceiver, the antichrist, the first beast of Revelation. He will bring about apparent peace, but “then sudden destruction will come upon them as labor pains come upon a pregnant woman, and they will not escape.”

We will take a break here and continue in the next lesson.

^5:4 But you are not in darkness, brothers, for that day to surprise you like a thief. ⁵ For you are all children of light, children of the day. We are not of the night or of the darkness. ⁶ So then let us not sleep, as others do, but let us keep awake and be sober. ⁷ For those who sleep, sleep at night, and those who get drunk, are drunk at night. ⁸ But since we belong to the day, let us be sober, having put on the breastplate of faith and love, and for a helmet the hope of salvation. ⁹ For God has not destined us for wrath, but to obtain salvation through our Lord Jesus Christ, ¹⁰ who died for us so that whether we are awake or asleep we might live with him. ¹¹ Therefore encourage one another and build one another up, just as you are doing. (1 Thessalonians 5:4 – 11 ESV)

In the previous lesson we looked at the judgment part of the day of the Lord; a time when the disobedient are punished. In this lesson the focus will shift to the protection of the faithful.

Peter said, “the day of the Lord will come like a thief” (2 Peter 3:10), who usually comes under the darkness of night. As believers, we are “children of light, children of the day” and so we should not be surprised by his coming. We do not know when he is coming because it will be at an hour we do not expect (Matthew 24:44). The Son of Man is coming like a thief. “Blessed is the one who stays awake, keeping his garments on, that he may not go about naked and be seen exposed!” (Revelation 16:15 ESV). Paul is reassuring those who are concerned that the day of the Lord will not come as an unwelcomed surprise for them as it will for the unbeliever.

“Children of light” is a way of referring to those who belong to God through salvation. 13 “He has delivered us from the domain of darkness and transferred us to the kingdom of his beloved Son, 14 in whom we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins” (Colossians 1:13 – 14 ESV). Paul speaks of “children of light” as being “children of the day.” As children of light we are to live each day as godly children. We are not of the night or of the darkness, so let us not sleep as unbelievers do. Sleep is used here as a metaphor for being morally and spiritually disengaged. We are to keep awake and be sober-minded and watchful because our “adversary the devil prowls around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour” (1 Peter 5:8 ESV).

Those who sin seek a place to hide, because of their shame, as did Adam and Eve when they disobeyed God. Those who sin seek the cover of darkness to hide their shame, but we belong to the day and so let us be sober and have on the breastplate of faith and love, and the helmet of the hope of salvation, which is an allusion to Isaiah 59:17 ESV: “He put on righteousness as a breastplate, and a helmet of salvation on his head.” These pieces of armor are necessary to stand alongside the Lord on the last day. Without these we are not protected from the wrath of God. As believers, we were not destined for wrath, but through salvation through our Lord Jesus Christ we are protected.

God sent his Son to become our Passover Lamb and take our sin and die in our place, redeeming us from the wrath of the law and justifying us before the living God. Jesus died for us and rose from the dead and so whether we are awake or asleep we will live with him. To be awake is to be alive when the Lord returns and to be asleep means we died physically before his return, but we will come with him.

With these things in mind, Paul instructs them to encourage one another and build up one another in the faith as they are already doing.

^5:12 We ask you, brothers, to respect those who labor among you and are over you in the Lord and admonish you, ¹³ and to esteem them very highly in love because of their work. Be at peace among yourselves. ¹⁴ And we urge you, brothers, admonish the idle, encourage the fainthearted, help the weak, be patient with them all. ((1 Thessalonians 5:12 – 14 ESV)

With the previous lesson, Paul finished his instruction on the topic of the day of the Lord. With this lesson we will learn about his final instruction to the church in Thessalonica.

Paul closes his letter with a few pointers on community conduct. The first point is to respect those who labor among you and are over you in the Lord and admonish you. In any community there is levels of authority. The church at Thessalonica, like any other church, has people of spiritual training and experience in positions of leadership, to watch over those under them and provide help where needed and to help them in their spiritual growth, in their walk with the Lord. In Acts 14:23 these leaders are referred to as elders that are to be appointed in every church. Qualifications for elders are found in Titus 1:6 (ESV) and includes being “above reproach, the husband of one wife, and his children are believers and not open to the charge of debauchery or insubordination.” Paul instructs those in the church to esteem these leaders very highly in love because of their work and be at peace among yourselves.

The second point concerned their employment. Paul urges the brothers to admonish those who are idle and are found to be undisciplined and/or insubordinate. In the beginning “the Lord God took man and put him in the garden of Eden to work it and keep it” (Genesis 2:15 ESV), and here in Thessalonica there were some who were shirking their responsibility and not working as they should. In 1 Thessalonians 4:11 – 12 (ESV) Paul spoke of this: ¹¹ “aspire to live quietly, and to mind your own affairs, and to work with your hands, as we instructed you, ¹² so that you may walk properly before outsiders and be dependent on no one.” They apparently did not respond as Paul requested because in 2 Thessalonians 3:6 – 15 he has much more to say about this.

The third point is to encourage the fainthearted. From 1 Thessalonians 3:3 – 4 we learned of their persecution that continued after Paul left. As this affliction continues it is wearing them down and they are becoming exhausted, and as friends and loved ones die before the second coming of the Lord their burden grows because of their lack of understanding. This burden and affliction reminds me of single moms today who must work and who have children that need to do schoolwork at home because of the virus.

The fourth point is to help the weak; a weakness that could be related to one of three conditions. It may refer to those with a weak conscience as described in 1 Corinthians 8 – 9 concerning food offered to idols. The weakness may be the result of the relentless pressure of persecution or from anxiety caused over their misunderstanding about the day of the Lord. Paul urges the church to help where needed.

The fifth point is to be patient with all. “Love is patient and kind” (1 Corinthians 13:4) and as believers we have the Holy Spirit (Acts 2:4; 1 Corinthians 3:16) who is God (Matthew 3:16) who is love (1 John 4:8, 18) whose fruit is love. Looking at the characteristics of love, we find: “joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, [and] self-control” (Galatians 5:22 – 23 ESV). With the presence of the Holy Spirit in our lives, we have no excuse not to be patient will all as well as displaying other good behavior characteristics.

We will continue with these pointers in the next lesson.

^5:15 See that no one repays anyone evil for evil, but always seek to do good to one another and to everyone. ¹⁶ Rejoice always, ¹⁷ pray without ceasing, ¹⁸ give thanks in all circumstances; for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus for you. (1 Thessalonians 5:15 – 18 ESV)

In the previous lesson we began our study of the final instructions of Paul to those at Thessalonica. Those instructions focused on things he wanted to point out to them that they should be aware of. In that lesson we looked at the need to submit to leadership, and that the brothers were to admonish the idle, encourage the fainthearted, help the weak, and be patient with all. In this lesson we will continue with Paul’s list.

The sixth point is to not repay anyone evil for evil, but to do good to one another and to everyone. One advantage to not repay evil for evil or reviling for reviling is to obtain a blessing from God (1 Peter 3:9). Doing good instead of returning evil is to do what is honorable in the sight of all (Romans 12:17). Even without someone bringing evil against us, Paul encourages us to seek opportunity to do good to everyone, especially to believers (Galatians 6:10).

The seventh point is to rejoice always. That includes when persecuted (Matthew 5:12), when finding a lost sheep (Luke 15:6), in the hope of the glory of God (Romans 5:2), in our suffering that produces endurance (Romans 5:3), in our reconciliation (Romans 5:11), with others (1 Corinthians 12:26), in the Lord (Philippians 4:4), as we share Christ’s sufferings (1 Peter 4:13), when our children are found walking in the truth (2 John 1:4), and over the marriage of the Lamb (Revelation 19:7).

The eighth point is to pray without ceasing. This “suggest a mental attitude of prayerfulness, continual personal fellowship with God, and consciousness of being in his presence throughout each day.” (Footnote for verse 5:17 in the ESV Study Bible.) Jesus told a “parable to the effect that they ought always to pray and not lose heart” (Luke 18:1). How often do you face circumstances without the thought of praying up front but wait until things become more difficult? To pray without ceasing is to always be ready to pray at the beginning of something.

The nineth point is to “give thanks in all circumstances because it is the will of God in Christ Jesus. We are to give thanks always and for everything to God the Father in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ” (Ephesians 5:20 ESV). To abound in thanksgiving, we are to be rooted and built up in him and established in the faith (Colossians 2:7). As we allow peace of Christ to rule in our hearts, we will be enabled to give thanks (Colossians 3:15).

We will continue with these pointers in the next lesson.

^5:19 Do not quench the Spirit. ²⁰ Do not despise prophecies, ²¹ but test everything; hold fast what is good. ²² Abstain from every form of evil. (1 Thessalonians 5:19 – 22 ESV)

In the previous lesson we covered four more points included in Paul’s final instruction to the church in Thessalonica. Those points were not to repay evil for evil but instead do good, to rejoice always, pray without ceasing, and give thanks in all circumstances. In this lesson we will finish the list.

The tenth point is not to quench, or grieve, the Spirit. We grieve the Spirit when we sin, when we ignore his power that will allow us to abound in hope (Romans 15:13), when we ignore his power during trials to obtain endurance (Colossians 1:11), and by not allowing his power to work with us (Colossians 1:29). We quench the Spirit when we suppress the manifestation of the Spirit for the common good (1 Corinthians 12:7) by not using the gifts he gives to us. We quench the Spirit by despising prophecies (1 Thessalonians 5:20). We grieve the Spirit by ignoring his witness with our spirit that we are children of God (Romans 8:15 – 16). There are so many practical ways the Spirit can enhance our daily lives, but we are taught by the world to stand for ourselves and forget any help from God.

The eleventh point is not to despise prophecies and when we hear them to test them and hold fast to what is good. I interpret this today to mean we are to listen to what God might be saying to us through other believers. It is my daily prayer that God might use these lessons as a form of instruction and encouragement. Do not blindly accept everything I write but be sure I stay within the context of the verses being studied and that I do not bring into the interpretation any outside imagination. That which you find good apply to your spiritual growth. Seek what the verses say, not what you might like them to say to support your set of beliefs.

Finally, the twelfth and last point is to abstain from every form of evil. When God spoke the universe into existence he stood back and said that all was good. But there was Lucifer, the great angel described by God as “the signet of perfection, full of wisdom and perfect in beauty” (Ezekiel 28:12 ESV), whose heart became proud because of such beauty, resulting in his wisdom being corrupted for the sake of his splendor (Ezekiel 28:17). He was described in Ezekiel 28:15 as being blameless in his ways from the day he was created until unrighteous was found in him do to his pride, and he was cast down (verse 17) and became the great deceiver called Satan the devil.

Going to the garden of Eden, we find Adam and Eve who were created in the image of God after his likeness (Genesis 1:26), but we also find there a tree of the knowledge of good and evil. God instructed Adam that he could “eat of every tree of the garden, but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat, for in the day that you eat of it you shall surely die.” (Genesis 2:16 – 17 ESV). “When the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of its fruit and ate, and she also gave some to her husband who was with her, and he ate” (Genesis 3:6 ESV). At that moment they died spiritually but were allowed to live, populating the earth with spiritually dead people who experienced all forms of evil such as that found in Galatians 5:19 – 21 ESV: ¹⁹ “Now the works of the flesh are evident: sexual immorality, impurity, sensuality, ²⁰ idolatry, sorcery, enmity, strife, jealousy, fits of anger, rivalries, dissensions, divisions, ²¹ envy, drunkenness, orgies, and things like these. I warn you, as I warned you before, that those who do such things will not inherit the kingdom of God.”

Without the presence of the Holy Spirit is us who were born again we would continue to live out a life of sin, as children of the devil, until death. Those who have salvation are to grow in respect to their salvation and work towards abstaining from every form of evil. Not until the day we die and are resurrected will we be totally free from evil.

^5:23 Now may the God of peace himself sanctify you completely and may your whole spirit and soul and body be kept blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. ²⁴ He who calls you is faithful; he will surely do it. ²⁵ Brothers, pray for us. ²⁶ Greet all the brothers with a holy kiss. ²⁷ I put you under oath before the Lord to have this letter read to all the brothers. ²⁸ The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. (1 Thessalonians 5:23 – 28 ESV)

With the previous lesson we finished covering the twelve points of Paul’s final instruction to those in Thessalonica. With this lesson we will cover the benediction of the letter and complete out study of 1 Thessalonians.

Halfway through the letter, Timothy returns from Thessalonica with an encouraging report. At this point Paul prays for the church there, and writes, ¹¹ “Now may our God and Father himself, and our Lord Jesus, direct our way to you, ¹² and may the Lord make you increase and abound in love for one another and for all, as we do for you, ¹³ so that he may establish your hearts blameless in holiness before our God and Father, at the coming of our Lord Jesus with all his saints.” (1 Thessalonians 3:11 – 13). Following this prayer, Paul writes his main instruction of the letter to the church.

Now at the end of the letter, Paul again prays. He writes, ²³ “Now may the God of peace himself sanctify you completely and may your whole spirit and soul and body be kept blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. ²⁴ He who calls you is faithful; he will surely do it.”

Paul references the God of peace suggests his work of reconciling believers with himself and then being at peace with them. It is also God who sanctifies us; to set us apart from the world as holy and righteous. In John 17:17, Jesus is praying to his Father, and asks him to sanctify those who believe in the truth, which is the word.

Paul then describes the human nature with three parts: spirit, soul, and body. What is he really saying? Is he really referring to three unique parts or is he using these three terms simply for emphasis? When referring to spirit, soul, and body, there are two views: the tripartite view or trichotomy which sees three distinct components, and the bipartite view or dichotomy in which soul and spirit are taken as different terms for the spiritual soul. ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_(theology) )  The point he is making is that the person be kept blameless for the coming of Jesus Christ. He does not want anyone to feel shame at the coming of the Lord.

Paul wants to assure them that God will complete the work he began in them at salvation and they will be sufficiently holy and blameless at the coming of the Lord. God is faithful and we can trust him to do it. In Philippians 2:12, Paul instructs believers to work out their salvation with fear and trembling, and then in Romans 8:29, God promises that those he foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son. In partnership with God, we will one day be completely sanctified. God is faithful and he will surely do it.

Paul then request prayer for him and others who served them. Greeting all the brothers with a holy kiss various with culture and should be interrupted as a symbol of Christian fellowship and holiness. The holy kiss is a symbolic practice like foot washing and head covering for wives. These are cultural symbols that change over time from culture to culture.

Paul then stresses the importance that this letter be read to all the brothers and sisters, and then closes with “The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you.”

1. What is the primary message of 1 Thessalonians 5?

Answer:
The primary message of 1 Thessalonians 5 is that believers should live faithfully, watchfully, and expectantly as they await the return of Jesus Christ. Paul teaches that the day of the Lord will come suddenly, but Christians should not live in fear because they belong to the light. Instead, they should encourage one another, remain spiritually alert, pursue holiness, and live in a way that honors God until Christ returns.

2. What does Paul mean by “the day of the Lord” in 1 Thessalonians 5:2?

Answer:
“The day of the Lord” refers to the future time when God will intervene decisively in human history, bringing judgment upon unbelievers and completing His purposes for creation. Paul explains that this day will come unexpectedly, “like a thief in the night” (1 Thessalonians 5:2, ESV). The timing is unknown, but believers are called to remain prepared and faithful rather than being surprised spiritually.

3. Why does Paul compare the coming of the Lord to “a thief in the night”?

Answer:
Paul uses this comparison to emphasize the unexpected nature of Christ’s return. A thief does not announce when he will come; likewise, the day of the Lord will arrive suddenly. This illustration teaches believers not to become spiritually careless but to live every day with readiness and anticipation.

4. What will happen to those who say, “There is peace and security”?

Answer:
Paul warns that those who falsely believe they are safe and independent from God will experience sudden destruction when the day of the Lord comes (1 Thessalonians 5:3). Their confidence is based on worldly security rather than faith in God. Paul’s warning reminds believers that true security is found only in Christ.

5. Why should believers not fear the coming day of the Lord?

Answer:
Believers should not fear because they are not destined for God’s wrath but for salvation through Jesus Christ (1 Thessalonians 5:9). Through Christ’s death and resurrection, Christians have been rescued from judgment and given the hope of eternal life. Their expectation is not condemnation but redemption.

6. What does Paul mean when he says believers are “children of light and children of the day”?

Answer:
Paul means that Christians belong to God and should live according to His truth rather than according to the darkness of sin and ignorance. Light represents righteousness, holiness, and spiritual understanding, while darkness represents unbelief and separation from God. Because believers belong to the light, their lives should reflect their relationship with Christ.

7. What does Paul instruct believers to do in order to remain spiritually prepared?

Answer:
Paul encourages believers to:

• Stay awake and be spiritually alert.
• Exercise self-control.
• Put on the “breastplate of faith and love.”
• Wear “the helmet of the hope of salvation” (1 Thessalonians 5:8).

These images describe the protection God provides through faith, love, and hope. Spiritual readiness comes from trusting God, loving others, and maintaining confidence in His salvation.

8. Why does Paul tell believers to encourage and build one another up?

Answer:
Paul recognizes that Christians need mutual support as they face trials and await Christ’s return. Encouragement strengthens faith, provides hope, and helps believers remain faithful. The Christian life is not meant to be lived alone; believers are called to help one another grow spiritually.

9. What responsibilities do believers have toward their spiritual leaders?

Answer:
Paul instructs believers to respect those who labor among them, lead them in the Lord, and admonish them (1 Thessalonians 5:12). Christians should recognize, honor, and support faithful leaders who serve the church. This promotes unity and strengthens the body of Christ.

10. How should believers treat one another according to 1 Thessalonians 5:14?

Answer:
Paul gives several instructions:

• Warn those who are idle or spiritually careless.
• Encourage the discouraged.
• Help the weak.
• Be patient with everyone.

These commands show that Christian care must be personal and compassionate. Different people have different needs, and believers should respond with wisdom and love.

11. What does Paul mean by “See that no one repays anyone evil for evil”?

Answer:
Paul teaches that believers should not respond to wrongdoing with revenge or retaliation. Instead, they should pursue what is good for everyone (1 Thessalonians 5:15). This reflects the character of Christ, who responded to hostility with forgiveness and love.

12. What is the significance of Paul’s command to “rejoice always”?

Answer:
“Rejoice always” does not mean that believers ignore suffering or pretend difficulties do not exist. It means that Christians can have continual joy because their hope is in God rather than in circumstances. The believer’s joy comes from knowing Christ, trusting His promises, and looking forward to eternity.

13. Why does Paul command believers to “pray without ceasing”?

Answer:
Paul encourages believers to maintain a continual attitude of dependence upon God. “Pray without ceasing” does not mean speaking prayers every moment but developing a life that is constantly open to God through worship, thanksgiving, and communication. Prayer keeps believers connected to God’s strength and guidance.

14. How can believers give thanks in all circumstances?

Answer:
Believers can give thanks because God remains faithful regardless of circumstances. Paul does not say that every circumstance is good, but that God can work through every circumstance according to His purposes. A thankful heart recognizes God’s presence, provision, and promises even during trials.

15. What does Paul mean by “Do not quench the Spirit”?

Answer:
To “quench the Spirit” means to resist or suppress the work of the Holy Spirit in a believer’s life. The Spirit guides, convicts, teaches, and empowers believers. Christians should remain responsive to God’s leading rather than allowing sin, disobedience, or spiritual neglect to hinder His work.

16. Why does Paul tell believers to “test everything; hold fast what is good”?

Answer:
Paul teaches that believers should carefully evaluate teachings, beliefs, and spiritual claims according to God’s truth. Christians should not accept everything without examination but should hold firmly to what agrees with Scripture and reject what is false.

17. What does Paul mean by “abstain from every form of evil”?

Answer:
Paul calls believers to avoid every expression of evil, not merely obvious sins. Christians are to separate themselves from anything that dishonors God and damages their spiritual lives. Holiness requires intentional choices that reflect devotion to Christ.

18. What prayer does Paul offer for the Thessalonians at the end of the chapter?

Answer:
Paul prays that the God of peace would sanctify them completely and preserve their whole being—spirit, soul, and body—until the coming of Jesus Christ (1 Thessalonians 5:23). His prayer emphasizes that holiness is ultimately God’s work, and He is faithful to accomplish it.

19. What confidence does Paul give believers about God’s faithfulness?

Answer:
Paul declares, “He who calls you is faithful; he will surely do it” (1 Thessalonians 5:24, ESV). Believers can trust that God will complete the work He has begun in them. Their hope rests not in their own strength but in God’s faithfulness.

20. How should 1 Thessalonians 5 influence the daily life of a believer?

Answer:
1 Thessalonians 5 teaches believers to live each day with spiritual awareness and hope. Christians should:

• Expect Christ’s return.
• Walk in holiness.
• Encourage others.
• Pray continually.
• Give thanks in every situation.
• Follow the Spirit’s guidance.
• Trust God’s faithfulness.

The chapter calls believers to live as people of the light, faithfully serving God while awaiting the return of Jesus Christ.