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Mike Selfrich

A Study of Paul’s Letter to the Philippians

Author: Stephen Weller
26 Lessons
23,775 words, 126 minutes read time

Page Index

Philippians – Contending for the Faith

Introduction to Philippians

BibleProject – Paul’s Letter to the Philippians

Context of Philippians

Author and Date

The book of Philippians was written by Paul the Apostle, likely around A.D. 60–62 while he was under house arrest in Rome. The letter is deeply personal and affectionate, reflecting Paul’s close relationship with the believers in Philippi. Timothy is mentioned alongside Paul in the greeting, showing his close partnership in ministry (Philippians 1:1).

Historical Setting

Philippi was a major Roman colony in Macedonia and held great political and military significance. It was the first major city in Europe where Paul established a Christian church during his second missionary journey (Acts 16). The church began through remarkable events including the conversion of Lydia, the deliverance of a demon-possessed slave girl, and the salvation of the Philippian jailer after Paul and Silas were imprisoned.

Because Philippi was a Roman colony, the people were proud of their Roman citizenship and loyal to Roman culture. Against this background, Paul emphasized that believers possess a higher citizenship in heaven (Philippians 3:20). The church in Philippi became one of Paul’s most faithful and supportive congregations, repeatedly helping him financially and spiritually during his missionary work.

Purpose of the Letter

Paul wrote Philippians for several important reasons:

  1. To thank the Philippian believers for their financial support sent through Epaphroditus.
  2. To encourage them to remain joyful and steadfast despite suffering and opposition.
  3. To urge unity and humility within the church.
  4. To warn against false teachers who promoted legalism and confidence in the flesh.
  5. To point believers continually toward Christ as the supreme example of humility, obedience, and exaltation.

Although Paul was imprisoned, the letter overflows with joy, gratitude, peace, and confidence in God’s sovereignty.

Spiritual and Theological Background

Philippians strongly emphasizes living a Christ-centered life. One of the central themes is joy in Christ regardless of circumstances. Paul demonstrates that true joy is not based on comfort, freedom, or earthly success, but on fellowship with Jesus Christ.

The letter also contains one of the most important passages about the humility and exaltation of Christ (Philippians 2:5–11). Paul describes how Christ willingly humbled Himself, became obedient unto death, and was then exalted by God above all.

Another major theme is spiritual perseverance. Paul encourages believers to press forward in faith, pursue spiritual maturity, and stand firm in the gospel despite persecution.

Overall Context Summary

Philippians is a warm and encouraging letter written from prison by Paul to a faithful church he deeply loved. It reveals how believers can experience joy, peace, unity, and spiritual strength even during suffering and uncertainty. The letter continually points to Jesus Christ as the center of the Christian life and calls believers to live with humility, perseverance, and heavenly perspective.

Major Themes in Philippians

Joy in Christ Despite Circumstances

Paul repeatedly emphasizes joy throughout Philippians, even though he writes from prison. Christian joy is not based on comfort, success, or favorable conditions, but on a relationship with Christ and confidence in God’s purposes. Paul demonstrates that believers can rejoice in suffering, ministry, fellowship, and the advancement of the gospel because Christ remains supreme in every circumstance.

Key Verses:
Philippians 1:18; 1:25; 2:17-18; 3:1; 4:4

Partnership in the Gospel

A central theme of Philippians is the deep partnership between Paul and the Philippian believers in the work of the gospel. The church supported Paul financially, prayed for him, and shared in his ministry struggles. Paul presents the Christian life as a shared mission in which believers labor together for the spread of the gospel and the strengthening of the church.

Key Verses:
Philippians 1:5; 1:7; 2:25; 4:14-18

Humility and the Example of Christ

Philippians strongly emphasizes humility, selflessness, and servant-hearted living. The supreme example is Jesus Christ, who willingly humbled Himself by becoming human and dying on the cross. Paul calls believers to imitate Christ’s attitude by valuing others above themselves, seeking unity, and serving without selfish ambition.

Key Verses:
Philippians 2:3-8; 2:5; 2:9-11

Unity Among Believers

Paul urges the church to stand firm together in one spirit and avoid division. Unity is rooted in shared faith, mutual love, humility, and devotion to Christ. The letter encourages believers to pursue harmony and reconciliation while working together for the gospel.

Key Verses:
Philippians 1:27; 2:1-4; 4:2-3

Advancing the Gospel

Even imprisonment and opposition cannot hinder the spread of the gospel. Paul explains that God can use suffering, trials, and adversity to advance His kingdom. The gospel’s progress is more important than personal comfort or reputation, and believers are called to boldly proclaim Christ regardless of circumstances.

Key Verses:
Philippians 1:12-14; 1:20-21; 1:27

Living Worthy of Christ

Paul challenges believers to live lives worthy of the gospel through obedience, holiness, faithfulness, and spiritual maturity. Christians are called to shine as lights in a dark world while holding firmly to the word of life. The believer’s conduct should reflect the transforming power of Christ.

Key Verses:
Philippians 1:27; 2:12-16; 3:12-14

Knowing Christ Above All Things

Paul declares that knowing Christ is of greater value than status, achievements, religious credentials, or earthly gain. Everything else is considered loss compared to the surpassing worth of a relationship with Jesus. Spiritual growth involves continually pursuing Christ and becoming more like Him.

Key Verses:
Philippians 3:7-11; 3:13-14

Heavenly Citizenship and Eternal Hope

Believers are reminded that their true citizenship is in heaven. Christians live on earth with the expectation of Christ’s return and the future transformation of their bodies into glory. This eternal perspective shapes daily living, perseverance, and faithfulness.

Key Verses:
Philippians 3:20-21; 4:1

Contentment and Trust in God

Paul teaches that true contentment comes from dependence upon Christ rather than external conditions. Whether experiencing abundance or need, believers can trust God’s provision and strength. The letter encourages prayer, thanksgiving, and confidence in God’s peace and care.

Key Verses:
Philippians 4:6-7; 4:11-13; 4:19

The Mindset of Spiritual Maturity

Philippians calls believers to develop a Christ-centered mindset marked by humility, obedience, perseverance, discernment, and spiritual focus. Mature believers press forward toward spiritual growth and remain focused on eternal priorities rather than earthly distractions.

Key Verses:
Philippians 2:5; 3:12-15; 4:8-9

Chapter 1 – Our Spiritual Blessings in Christ

Chapter Introduction

Philippians 1 opens the letter with Paul’s warm gratitude and unshakable confidence in God’s work among the believers at Philippi. Writing from imprisonment, he expresses joy in their partnership in the gospel, assures them that his chains are actually advancing Christ’s mission, and prays that their love will grow in discernment and spiritual maturity. The chapter sets the tone for the whole book; an invitation to steadfast, Christ‑centered joy that endures regardless of circumstance.

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Chapter Lesson Index

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Chapter Questions and Answers

  1. Why does Paul begin Philippians 1 with thanksgiving and joy even though he is in prison?
  2. What does Paul mean when he says, “He who began a good work in you will bring it to completion” (Philippians 1:6)?
  3. How were Paul’s chains actually helping the gospel spread?
  4. Why was Paul able to rejoice even when some people preached Christ with wrong motives?
  5. What does Paul mean when he says, “For to me to live is Christ, and to die is gain” (Philippians 1:21)?
  6. Why was Paul torn between remaining alive and departing to be with Christ
  7. What does Paul teach about Christian conduct in Philippians 1:27?
  8. Why does Paul emphasize unity among believers in this chapter?
  9. What does Philippians 1 teach about suffering for Christ?
  10. How does Paul’s prayer for the Philippians reveal spiritual maturity?
  11. What does Philippians 1 teach about the relationship between joy and circumstances?
  12. What is the central message of Philippians 1?

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Chapter 1 – Bible Lessons

1.1 ​Introduction to Philippians

From prison, Paul is writing to Christians located in the Roman colony of Philippi. The location of the prison Paul was in has been debated among Scholars, with Caesarea, Ephesus, and Rome as possibilities, but his statements to the Philippians about his possible imminent death would be puzzling if he were not in the prison in Rome. It seems most likely that this letter was written as his second letter, with Ephesians being the first, while imprisoned in Rome around A.D. 62.

The main theme of Philippians is to encourage believers to live out their lives as citizens of a heavenly colony here on earth by showing evidence of a growing commitment of service to God and to one another. The kind of life he wants them to live out is to be modeled after Jesus Christ, himself, Timothy, and Epaphroditus.

The church at Philippi was the first church founded by Paul in Europe, as detailed in Acts 16:6 – 40, with the first convert being Lydia, a seller of purple goods. Among the people Paul met at Philippi was a demon possessed slave girl who was able to tell fortunes, which was profitable for her master. Since she was an irritation to Paul, he turns to her one day and cast out the demon resulting in Paul and Silas to be imprisoned. Their stay in prison was short lived, for God miraculously delivered them. It is very likely that Paul visited the Philippians several times after his initial departure. They were active supporters of Paul’s ministry.

The church at Philippi had sent Paul a gift by way of Epaphroditus, who became seriously ill. Paul is writing to them to thank them for their gift and to tell them that Epaphroditus had recovered and would soon return to them. Paul was in hopes of sending Timothy to them later.

With his letter Paul wanted to encourage them in their spiritual growth, as they were a healthy church in comparison to the churches in Galatia and Corinth. He wanted them to “press on toward the goal for the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus” (Philippians 3:14 ESV). Paul then explains to them what spiritual progress is like and how to accomplish it.

Reading through Philippians, one finds four main sections: (1) Paul’s reflections on his imprisonment (1:12 – 30), (2) Exhortation to humble service (2:1 – 30), (3) The source of righteousness (3:1 – 21), and (4) Exhortation, encouragement, and prayer (4:1 – 20). As bookends to these four sections, we find the initial greeting (1:1 – 2) and the final greeting (4:21 – 23).

1.2 Philippians 1:1-2, Greeting to the Church in Philippi

1:1 Paul and Timothy, servants of Christ Jesus, to all the saints in Christ Jesus who are at Philippi, with the overseers and deacons: 2 Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. (Philippians 1:1 – 2 ESV)

In the previous lesson, we introduced the letter from Paul to the church in Philippi. In this lesson, we will cover the initial greeting to the church from Paul and Timothy.

Apparently, Timothy is currently with Paul, as he mentions his name in the greeting. Paul describes the two of them as servants of Jesus Christ. Selecting the option of all English translations for 1:1, using biblegateway.com, one finds “servant” most frequently used. However, some translations use “slaves”, “bondservants”, and “bondmen”. The use of “servants” in the western culture is less harsh that the use of, for example, “slave”. The use of “servants” does not communicate the fact that Jesus died on the cross to purchase us, or to redeem us from our guilt under the curse of the law. That purchase suggest ownership which “servants” are not.

Paul is writing to all the saints in Christ Jesus who are at Philippi. A “saint” has several meanings, but in the Bible, it refers to everyone who has received Jesus Christ by faith and been born again. A saint is a “holy one” who has been set apart for God’s special purpose. Each believer has been made holy by God imputing the righteousness of Christ to us, and each born again believer has been given a purpose, therefore we, as believers, are all saints.

Paul described the saints to be in Christ Jesus. To be in Christ has several meanings. It can mean to put one’s entire confidence and trust in Christ as described in Galatians 2:20; It can mean to have a saving relationship with Christ and are brought into union and communion with him; It can mean that we have asked God to forgive our sins and have declared our decision to follow Jesus with our life; It can mean that we are a member of the body of Christ; It can mean that we abide in Jesus Christ and draw life from him in which to bear fruit; and it can also mean many more things.

Paul includes two groups of leaders in his greeting to believers at Philippi, those being “overseers” and “deacons”. “Overseers” are to pay careful attention to care for the church (Acts 20:28). An “overseer” “must be above reproach, the husband of one wife, sober-minded, self-controlled, respectable, hospitable, and able to teach” (1 Timothy 3:2 NIV). A deacon “must be above reproach. He must not be arrogant or quick-tempered or a drunkard or violent or greedy for gain” (Titus 1:7 NIV).

In 1:2 are two terms we should review before moving on. Those terms are “grace” and “peace”. We first notice that they are both from “God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.” “Grace” is a spontaneous gift from God to people. It is generous, free, and totally unexpected and underserved. Probably, one of the best examples of grace is found in Ephesians 2:8 ESV: “For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God.” Grace is seen as God reaching down to a people who are constantly resisting him.

“Peace” can be seen as an inner quality. Peace comes from some action that restores a broken situation. Because of our sin we have a broken relationship with God which can be fixed through the gift of salvation. Through salvation we have forgiveness and are cleared of any guilt we had under the law. Obtaining peace with God leads us to find peace with others. To the Corinthians, Paul said, “I appeal to you, brothers, by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that all of you agree, and that there be no divisions among you, but that you be united in the same mind and the same judgment” (1 Corinthians 1:10 ESV). Peace also applies to us. An example is found in Philippians 4:6 – 7 ESV: “do not be anxious about anything, but in everything by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known to God. And the peace of God, which surpasses all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus.”

1.3 Philippians 1:3-6, Paul’s Prayer of Thanksgiving

1:3 I thank my God in all my remembrance of you, 4 always in every prayer of mine for you all making my prayer with joy, 5 because of your partnership in the gospel from the first day until now. 6 And I am sure of this, that he who began a good work in you will bring it to completion at the day of Jesus Christ. (Philippians 1:3 – 6 ESV)

In the previous lesson, we reviewed several terms Paul used in his greeting to the church in Philippi. In this lesson, we begin our study of the body of his letter to them.

A review of Paul’s letters reveals that he often begins his letters with thanksgiving and prayer. Here he uses this prayer to establish the major themes he will cover in his letter. Paul’s focus is God and offers thanks to God for all that he has done in using him to minister to those at Philippi. Paul reflects on his time with them and recalls many great memories, just as I have so many great memories from the time I served in China. These memories prompt him to pray for them with joy because of their partnership with him in the gospel from the first day until now.

This joy Paul has, we will find to become a key theme in chapter 4, especially in 4:4 – 7 ESV: “Rejoice in the Lord always; again, I will say, rejoice. Let your reasonableness be known to everyone. The Lord is at hand; do not be anxious about anything, but in everything by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known to God. And the peace of God, which surpasses all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus.” Some of Paul’s joy comes from their financial support to him as we see in 4:15 – 16 ESV: “And you Philippians yourselves know that in the beginning of the gospel, when I left Macedonia, no church entered into partnership with me in giving and receiving, except you only. Even in Thessalonica you sent me help for my needs once and again.” Those at Philippi took a deep personal interest in Paul and this brings great joy to him.

One thing that Paul is sure of that reminds him to thank God is the fact that when God begins a good work in a person, he will bring it to completion. This reminds me of Romans 8:29 ESV: “For those whom he foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son.” For each person God chooses for salvation, he has a plan for how he will use that person in his service in advancing his kingdom, and as he uses that person, he will provide all that is need for that person to complete his assigned work. At the time of salvation (Ephesians 2:8 – 9) God has an assignment ready for the person: “For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand, that we should walk in them.” (Ephesians 2:10 ESV) And as we walk in them, he provides all we need to complete them, bearing much fruit.

God’s choosing people for his service will continue until the day that Jesus returns, the day spoken of here as the “day of Jesus Christ.” A description of this day is detailed in 1 Thessalonians 5:2 – 11; 2 Peter 3:10 – 13; and Revelation 20:11 – 21:8. Paul is assuring them, that God who saved them will always be with them no matter what trial they encounter or what need they have, and when their work is finished “an inheritance that is imperishable, undefiled, and unfading,” (1 Peter 1:4) will be waiting for them in heaven, guarded by God’s power.

1.4 Philippians 1:7-11, Paul’s Prayer Request

1:7 It is right for me to feel this way about you all, because I hold you in my heart, for you are all partakers with me of grace, both in my imprisonment and in the defense and confirmation of the gospel. 8 For God is my witness, how I yearn for you all with the affection of Christ Jesus. 9 And it is my prayer that your love may abound more and more, with knowledge and all discernment, 10 so that you may approve what is excellent, and so be pure and blameless for the day of Christ, 11 filled with the fruit of righteousness that comes through Jesus Christ, to the glory and praise of God. (Philippians 1:7 – 11 ESV)

In the previous lesson, Paul has memories of his time serving with the Philippians and those memories prompt him to offer a prayer of thanks to God on behalf of them. In this lesson, we will look at why Paul feels the way he does towards them.

Paul has good memories from his time of ministry with the Philippians and that provides him with joy. He tells them it is right for him to have those warm thoughts about the fellowship he enjoyed with them. Because of their response with Paul to God’s grace in the defense and confirmation of the gospel and in his imprisonment, he holds them in his heart as special.

Being confined to prison could result in a feeling of shame among the Philippians in that culture but instead they understood that Paul was willing to suffer that shame as a cost in sharing the gospel. They were able to set that shame aside and continue to support him even during his time in prison. Being confined to prison, Paul is unable to go and visit them, and he expresses to them how he yearns for them with the affection of Christ Jesus. There is clearly a love in Paul’s heart for them.

Paul now prays for them that their love would grow along with knowledge and discernment so that they would be more affective in ministry. Love, knowledge, and discernment must always be in balance. Love in this context would be a sacrificial love in which one sees a need someone has and seeks to meet that need, which is the need of salvation for many living in the area surrounding the church. The need of knowledge is important to effectively share the need, meaning, and purpose of the gospel, and discernment is needed to properly know how to present it. Their love is to draw the people and break down their resistance to the gospel to open the door for its presentation and acceptance.

Another reason for the combination of love, knowledge, and discernment is that they may have the knowledge to understand the truth and the discernment to know what is false. Combining that with love for God and others, they would keep themselves pure and blameless for the day of Christ, for the day he returns. We are to abide in him, so that when he appears, we may have confidence and not shrink from him in shame at this coming (1 John 2:28).

In preparation for the Lord’s coming, we in this life cannot achieve perfection, but we can work towards being pure and blameless and allow God to fill us with the fruit of righteousness that comes through Jesus Christ. We are to increase in our love for one another, so that God may establish our hearts blameless in holiness before our God and Father, at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ (1 Thessalonians 3:12 – 13). That fruit is seen as being conformed into the likeness of Jesus Christ (Romans 8:29) and will cause us to glorify and give praise to God. John expresses it fundamentally as follows: “Abide in me, and I in you. As the branch cannot bear fruit by itself, unless it abides in the vine, neither can you, unless you abide in me. I am the vine; you are the branches. Whoever abides in me and I in him, he it is that bears much fruit, for apart from me you can do nothing.” (John 15:4 – 5 ESV).

How much effort do you put forth in approving what is excellent to be pure and blameless for when you meet Jesus Christ?

1.5 Philippians 1:12-18, In Prison and Productive

1:12 I want you to know, brothers, that what has happened to me has really served to advance the gospel, 13 so that it has become known throughout the whole imperial guard and to all the rest that my imprisonment is for Christ. 14 And most of the brothers, having become confident in the Lord by my imprisonment, are much bolder to speak the word without fear.

1:15 Some indeed preach Christ from envy and rivalry, but others from good will. 16 The latter do it out of love, knowing that I am put here for the defense of the gospel. 17 The former proclaims Christ out of selfish ambition, not sincerely but thinking to afflict me in my imprisonment. 18 What then? Only that in every way, whether in pretense or in truth, Christ is proclaimed, and in that I rejoice. (Philippians 1:12 – 18 ESV)

With the previous lesson we completed our study of Paul’s expression of thanksgiving and prayer for the Philippian believers. With this lesson we begin the next section of Paul’s letter in which he speaks about his time in prison. With this lesson we will cover a short section related to the advance of the gospel.

Under persecution, when a person is arrested for their ministry, many think the person’s life will now be waisted, but that is not necessarily so. Many who go into prison establish a ministry within the prison. For some, being in prison is time of maturing. In China if you spent three years in prison then you are considered ready to lead others. It may also be a time of waiting until God is ready to use you as in the case of Joseph. God will not waist the time you are in prison. You may not see what God is doing, but he is doing something.

In Paul’s case, being in prison was an opportunity to advance the gospel. All throughout the Roman prison, prisoners and guards heard the gospel. While in prison, Paul wrote letters, one of which we are currently studying. The previous letter to the Ephesians, we covered, was his first prison letter. In the months ahead we will cover the remaining prison letters. Therefore, the gospel is being advanced even today because Paul’s imprisonment.

Being in prison for your faith can set an example for others, to help them to become more confident in the Lord, providing greater boldness to speak the word without fear. These believers are willing to make choices to possibly suffer for the sake of the gospel. They are not encumbered, as we are, with idols of comfort, safety, and security. There is so much ministry not being done in the west because of these idols, and as a result the western church has little effect in maintaining a healthy culture.

Paul then points out that all who preach Christ do not do it out of good will, but do it out of envy, rivalry, and selfish ambition. What Paul meant is not clear. Clearly these preachers are antagonistic towards Paul and his ministry, but they must be preaching the gospel because Paul rejoices over that fact. Possible their preaching is being done with some comments towards diminishing Paul’s ministry, maybe by pointing out that he may have done something wrong in his defense of the gospel before authorities causing him to be sent to prison. They may also be pointing out Paul’s poor preaching style which is covered in 1 Corinthians 1 – 2.

Paul is not concerned about what people think of him, what he cares about is having people hear the gospel. Jesus said, “All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you. And behold, I am with you always, to the end of the age.” (Matthew 28:18 – 20 ESV). If Paul had trouble speaking, he was not shy about speaking out even if it meant he would suffer shame or imprisonment for it. What is hindering our sharing the gospel with others?

1.6 Philippians 1:18b-26, For Me to Live is Christ

1:18b Yes, and I will rejoice, 19 for I know that through your prayers and the help of the Spirit of Jesus Christ this will turn out for my deliverance, 20 as it is my eager expectation and hope that I will not be at all ashamed, but that with full courage now as always Christ will be honored in my body, whether by life or by death. 21 For to me to live is Christ, and to die is gain. 22 If I am to live in the flesh, that means fruitful labor for me. Yet which I shall choose I cannot tell. 23 I am hard pressed between the two. My desire is to depart and be with Christ, for that is far better. 24 But to remain in the flesh is more necessary on your account. 25 Convinced of this, I know that I will remain and continue with you all, for your progress and joy in the faith, 26 so that in me you may have ample cause to glory in Christ Jesus, because of my coming to you again. (Philippians 1:18b – 26 ESV)

In the previous lesson we looked first at Paul’s imprisonment and how it was being used to further the gospel and then we considered those who were proclaiming Christ out of envy, rivalry, and selfish ambition. In this lesson we begin another short section covering the concept of “For to me to live is Christ, and to die is gain” (1:21).

Paul’s “Yes” in the second sentence of verse 18, was used to start a new paragraph. His “Yes, I will rejoice” points back to the previous material and suggest a change of topic. His rejoicing in the previous paragraph was over the fact that the gospel was being preached, while in this paragraph he rejoices because of their prayers and what they will accomplish.

Paul knows that through their prayers and the help of the Spirit of Jesus Christ he will be delivered, but as one reads ahead that deliverance appears to be either physically from prison or from prison to heaven through death. There is some tension here between these two possibilities as seen in verses 19 – 26. Even Paul wavers between these two. In 1:23 he expresses a desire to go and be with Christ, but in 1:24, he says it is better for them if he remains with them.

The thing that is important to get from 1:20 is not whether Paul continues to live or whether he dies, but for him to maintain a faithful witness for Jesus Christ even through how he dies. Under persecution how we die can be a tremendous witness to others in the form of their encouragement and boldness. How we express ourselves when we are martyred adds value to our belief. We must always remember that death for the believer has victory because through it our salvation is complete and eternal life lies before us. For the believer we are always to live for Christ and when we die, we gain more that we can imagine. As Paul thinks about life or death, he is hard pressed between the two. Paul knows it is better to depart and be with Jesus Christ, but to remain in the flesh is better for them.

As I draw close to completing the task of writing Bible lessons over the entire New Testament, I often pray about what I should do next. Should I work on the Old Testament? I do not think at this time in the church this would be the best choice, but for now, for me to live is Christ and in his time to die will be gain.

Like Paul, I am convinced of this, that I will remain and continue with you all, praying that these lessons are for your progress and joy in the faith. As Paul remains in the flesh, he so much wants his efforts to produce ample cause for them to glory in Christ Jesus. He desires even more to come to see them again.

1.7 Philippians 1:17-30, Live Worthy of the Gospel

1:27 Only let your manner of life be worthy of the gospel of Christ, so that whether I come and see you or am absent, I may hear of you that you are standing firm in one spirit, with one mind striving side by side for the faith of the gospel, 28 and not frightened in anything by your opponents. This is a clear sign to them of their destruction, but of your salvation, and that from God. 29 For it has been granted to you that for the sake of Christ you should not only believe in him but also suffer for his sake, 30 engaged in the same conflict that you saw I had and now hear that I still have. (Philippians 1:27 – 30 ESV)

In the previous lesson, we saw the tension Paul had between remaining in the flesh for their benefit or going to be with Christ through his death. Whether his deliverance be release from prison or death, his desire was to have an effective witness. In this lesson, we see Paul’s desire for them to “[stand] firm in one spirit, with one mind striving side by side for the faith of the gospel, and not frightened in anything by [their] opponents.”

Regardless of whether Paul lives or dies, he desires for them to live as citizens of heaven (Philippians 3:20), walking in a manner worthy of the calling to which they have been called (Ephesians 4:1). In doing so their “manner of life would be worthy of the gospel of Christ.” Whether Paul can come to visit them or whether he will be restrained, he desires to hear that they are standing firm in one spirit. He wants them to be watchful, standing firm in the faith, acting like men, being strong (1 Corinthians 16:13).

He wants their stand to be with one mind, “having the same love, being in full accord” (Philippians 2:2), agreeing with one another, with no division among them, united in the same mind and in the same judgment (1 Corinthians 1:10). He wants them to strive side by side for the faith of the gospel, “to contend for the faith” (Jude 1:3). He does not want them to be frightened in anything by their opponents. Paul wants them to demonstrate such remarkable strength that their opponents would realize that it was truly from God and anyone who would oppose God’s people would be marked for eternal destruction.

It is possible that they may suffer and die at the hands of their opponents, but in such case their salvation is assured by God. In Matthew 5:10 – 12 (ESV), Jesus said, “Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness’ sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are you when others revile you and persecute you and utter all kinds of evil against you falsely on my account. Rejoice and be glad, for your reward is great in heaven, for so they persecuted the prophets who were before you.”

Trouble will eventually come to those who proclaim the gospel, resulting in suffering and even death. However, we must remember that both suffering, and faith are gifts from God. Paul then refers to himself as an example of one who has maintained his joy in the face of the same conflict that are experiencing. Receiving strength from God, they should also be able to stand with joy.

Chapter 1 – Questions with Answers

1. Why does Paul begin Philippians 1 with thanksgiving and joy even though he is in prison?

Paul begins the chapter with gratitude because his joy is rooted in Christ rather than in his circumstances. He thanks God for the believers in Philippi because they partnered with him in the gospel from the very beginning. Their faithfulness encouraged him and reminded him that God’s work was continuing even while he was imprisoned. Paul demonstrates that Christian joy is not dependent upon comfort, freedom, or success in worldly terms. Instead, joy comes from knowing Christ, seeing the gospel advance, and witnessing God work in the lives of others. His imprisonment did not stop God’s purposes; rather, it became another opportunity for ministry and testimony.

2. What does Paul mean when he says, “He who began a good work in you will bring it to completion” (Philippians 1:6)?

Paul is expressing confidence in God’s faithfulness. Salvation begins with God’s work of grace, not human effort. When God saves a person, He continues shaping, strengthening, and transforming that believer throughout life. The “good work” includes spiritual growth, sanctification, and preparation for eternity with Christ. Paul reminds the Philippians that God does not abandon His people halfway through the process. The same God who called them into salvation would continue working in them until the return of Christ. This verse provides assurance and encouragement to believers who struggle, reminding them that spiritual maturity is an ongoing process directed by God Himself.

3. How were Paul’s chains actually helping the gospel spread?

At first glance, imprisonment would appear to hinder ministry, but God used Paul’s suffering for a greater purpose. Paul explains that the palace guard and many others had heard about Christ because of his imprisonment. His faithfulness under suffering became a testimony to unbelievers and an encouragement to other Christians. Many believers gained courage by watching Paul remain steadfast despite opposition. This teaches that God can use difficult situations to accomplish His purposes. What appears to be defeat in human eyes may actually become a powerful tool for advancing the gospel.

4. Why was Paul able to rejoice even when some people preached Christ with wrong motives?

Paul recognized that some individuals preached Christ out of envy or selfish ambition, hoping to make Paul’s suffering worse. Yet Paul rejoiced because Christ was still being proclaimed. Although their motives were sinful, the message about Jesus remained true. Paul cared more about the spread of the gospel than about his personal reputation or comfort. This reveals Paul’s humility and his focus on God’s kingdom above personal rivalry. It also reminds believers that God can still work through imperfect people and situations to accomplish His purposes.

5. What does Paul mean when he says, “For to me to live is Christ, and to die is gain” (Philippians 1:21)?

This statement summarizes Paul’s entire outlook on life and death. To live is Christ means that every aspect of Paul’s life centered on Jesus. His purpose, ministry, hope, and identity were all connected to serving Christ. At the same time, death was gain because it would bring Paul into the immediate presence of the Lord. Paul did not fear death because he knew eternal life awaited him. However, he also understood that remaining alive allowed him to continue helping believers grow spiritually. This verse challenges Christians to consider whether Christ truly stands at the center of their lives.

6. Why was Paul torn between remaining alive and departing to be with Christ?

Paul faced an inner struggle because both possibilities had value. On one hand, he longed to be with Christ, which he described as “far better.” Heaven represented perfect fellowship, freedom from suffering, and eternal joy. On the other hand, Paul understood that remaining alive would benefit the churches he served. His continued ministry could strengthen believers and help advance the gospel. This tension reveals Paul’s deep love both for Christ and for God’s people. He desired heaven, but he was willing to continue serving faithfully as long as God desired.

7. What does Paul teach about Christian conduct in Philippians 1:27?

Paul urges believers to “conduct yourselves in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ.” This means that Christians should live in a way that reflects the truth of the gospel they proclaim. Their actions, attitudes, relationships, and behavior should demonstrate faithfulness to Christ. Paul especially emphasizes unity, courage, and steadfastness. Believers are called to stand together in faith and not be intimidated by opposition. Christian conduct is not merely about outward morality; it is about living as citizens of God’s kingdom in a way that honors Christ before the world.

8. Why does Paul emphasize unity among believers in this chapter?

Paul understood that unity strengthens the church and advances the gospel. Division weakens Christian witness and distracts believers from their mission. He encourages the Philippians to stand “firm in one spirit” and strive together for the faith of the gospel. The church is meant to function as one body working together for Christ’s purposes. Unity does not mean uniformity in every opinion, but it does mean shared commitment to Christ, love for one another, and cooperation in ministry. Paul wanted the Philippians to face challenges together rather than allowing conflict to divide them.

9. What does Philippians 1 teach about suffering for Christ?

Paul presents suffering not as a sign of God’s absence, but as part of the Christian calling. In verse 29, he says believers have been granted not only to believe in Christ but also to suffer for Him. Suffering for the gospel identifies believers with Christ and often becomes a testimony to others. Paul’s own imprisonment showed courage, perseverance, and trust in God. This chapter teaches that suffering can deepen faith, strengthen the church, and advance the gospel. Christians are called to remain faithful even during hardship, knowing God can use suffering for His glory.

10. How does Paul’s prayer for the Philippians reveal spiritual maturity?

Paul prays that their love would abound more and more with knowledge and discernment. He does not simply pray for comfort or success; he prays for spiritual growth, wisdom, purity, and righteousness. Paul desired believers to grow in their ability to discern what is best and to live lives that honor Christ. Mature Christianity involves growing in love while also growing in truth and wisdom. Paul’s prayer demonstrates that spiritual maturity is measured not merely by knowledge, but by Christlike character and fruitful living.

11. What does Philippians 1 teach about the relationship between joy and circumstances?

Philippians 1 shows that Christian joy is deeper than temporary happiness. Paul experienced imprisonment, opposition, uncertainty, and suffering, yet he repeatedly expressed joy. His joy came from Christ, the gospel, and confidence in God’s sovereignty. Circumstances change, but Christ remains constant. Paul teaches that believers can experience lasting joy even during trials because their hope is anchored in God’s eternal purposes rather than earthly conditions.

12. What is the central message of Philippians 1?

The central message of Philippians 1 is that Christ must remain the center of a believer’s life regardless of circumstances. Paul demonstrates joy in suffering, confidence in God’s work, commitment to gospel ministry, and hope in eternal life. The chapter calls believers to live faithfully, stand united, grow spiritually, and trust God even during hardship. Above all, it points to a life fully devoted to Christ, where both living and dying are understood through the perspective of eternity.

Chapter 2 – The Mind of Christ and Humble Service

Chapter Introduction

Philippians 2 invites readers to see the mind of Christ as the pattern for true Christian living. Paul urges the church to pursue unity through humility, laying aside selfish ambition and embracing the self‑giving attitude displayed in Jesus’ incarnation, obedience, and exaltation. The chapter moves from Christ’s example to the believer’s calling; shining as lights in the world through faithful, sacrificial service.

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Chapter Lesson Index

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Chapter Questions and Answers

  1. What attitude does Paul urge believers to have toward one another in Philippians 2:1–4?
  2. Why is Jesus presented as the supreme example of humility in Philippians 2:5–11?
  3. What does it mean that Jesus “emptied Himself” in Philippians 2:7?
  4. What is the significance of God exalting Jesus after His suffering and death?
  5. What does Paul mean by “work out your own salvation with fear and trembling” in Philippians 2:12?
  6. How does God work in believers according to Philippians 2:13?
  7. Why does Paul command believers to do all things without complaining or disputing in Philippians 2:14–16?
  8. What does Paul mean when he says believers shine “as lights in the world”?
  9. Why does Paul praise Timothy in Philippians 2:19–24?
  10. What can believers learn from the example of Epaphroditus in Philippians 2:25–30?
  11. How does Philippians 2 reveal the connection between humility and unity?
  12. What are the major theological themes found in Philippians 2?

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Chapter 2 – Bible Lessons

2.1 ​Philippians 2:1, Encouragement in Christ

2:1 So if there is any encouragement in Christ, any comfort from love, any participation in the Spirit, any affection and sympathy, (Philippians 2:1 ESV)

With the previous lesson we finished a major section devoted to Paul’s reaction on his imprisonment. With this lesson we begin another major section, this one devoted to exhorting them to humble service.

2:1 – 11 can be divided into two parts and thus possibly several lessons. The first part, covering verses 1 – 4 is an encouragement to unity in the faith and service of one another. The second part, covering verses 5 – 11 is an example of the humble service of Jesus Christ.

Paul begins by listing four realities in Christ that should exist among them. These realities are: (1) Encouragement in Christ, (2) Comfort from love, (3) Participation in the Spirit, and (4) Affection and sympathy. Looking back to the end of the previous chapter, we see the context is persecution that is being faced by those in Philippi, and so the following are important.

(1) Encouragement in Christ – As they face persecution, they are to think of Jesus Christ who was willing, because of his loved for them (2 Thessalonians 2:16), to suffer and die on a cross so that they might have salvation. As they serve him their possible suffering and even death is for the purpose of bringing salvation to others.

(2) Comfort from love – Suffering is not easy, and it can be very uncomfortable, and we need to draw on the love of the Spirit (Romans 15:30) and love one another, to comfort each other in their affliction.

(3) Participation in the Spirit – Among Christians there is a participation in the influences of the Spirit in helping us experience some degree of feelings, views, and joys of the Spirit. In the body of Christ, we are joined together by the Spirit to be one body even though we are many members.

(4) Affection and sympathy – We, as “God’s chosen ones, holy and beloved,” are to put on “compassionate hearts, kindness, humility, meekness, and patience” (Colossians 3:12).

2.2 Philippians 2:2-4, Complete Paul’s Joy

2:2 complete my joy by being of the same mind, having the same love, being in full accord and of one mind. 3 Do nothing from selfish ambition or conceit, but in humility count others more significant than yourselves. 4 Let each of you look not only to his own interests, but also to the interests of others. (Philippians 2:2 – 4 ESV)

In the previous lesson we looked at four realities in Christ that should exist among the Philippians. If these realities did exist then they should be used to complete Paul’s joy by doing six things, which are: (1) Being of the same mind, (2) Having the same love, (3) Being in full accord and of one mind, (4) Doing nothing from selfish ambition or conceit, (5) In humility count others more significant that themselves, and (6) Looking out not for one’s owns interest but also to the interest of others.

(1) Being of the same mind – This does not mean an artificial uniformity but that they were to use their God given gifts in an agreeable, cooperative spirit, with a focus on glorifying God and not themselves.

(2) Having the same love – They are to have the same love for one another but may still have a difference of opinion on some points. However, the love of the Spirit is to unite them into one focus and that is to bring glory to God.

(3) Being in full accord and of one mind – This is stressing the exhortation given in points (1) and (2) above.

(4) Doing nothing from selfish ambition or conceit – As Paul thinks about “selfish ambition” he is probably thinking back to 1:17 where that was mentioned as a characteristic of those preachers who wanted to embarrass Paul while he was in prison. James tells us that “where jealousy and selfish ambition exist, there will be disorder and every vile practice” (James 3:16 ESV). In Galatians 5:26, Paul tells the Galatians to not become conceited, provoking one another, and envying one another.

(5) In humility count others more significant that themselves – Jesus Christ, who spoke the universe into existence and holds all things together (Colossians 1:16 – 17) was willing to humble himself and take on a body of human flesh (John 1:14) and live a perfect life under the law (2 Corinthians 5:21) and die in our place (Romans 5:8) so that we children of wrath (Ephesians 2:3) could be raised up and seated with him in the heavenly places (Ephesians 2:6). Should we not see others as more significant than ourselves?

(6) Looking out not for one’s owns interest but also to the interest of others – An aspect of seeing others as more significant than ourselves is to look out for their interest and help when possible (Romans 15:2).

2.3 Philippians 2:5-11, The Unique God/Man

2:5 Have this mind among yourselves, which is yours in Christ Jesus, 6 who, though he was in the form of God, did not count equality with God a thing to be grasped, 7 but emptied himself, by taking the form of a servant, being born in the likeness of men. 8 And being found in human form, he humbled himself by becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross. 9 Therefore God has highly exalted him and bestowed on him the name that is above every name, 10 so that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, 11 and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father. (Philippians 1:5 – 11 ESV)

In the previous lesson we looked six things the Philippians should do in their service to one another. In this lesson we will look at an example of the humble service of Jesus Christ.

“Have this mind” reaches back to the previous material in which we are to “count others more significant than [ourselves].” Think about Jesus Christ as an example: “For Christ did not please himself” (Romans 15:3) but was willing to take our sin upon himself and go to the cross and die in our place to provide for our salvation (Philippians 2:8). Christ came down from heaven, not to do his own will but the will of him who sent him (John 6:38). So, the mind of Christ was to look out for the needs of others and help where possible, and that is to be our mind also.

Prior to coming to earth and taking on human flesh (John 1:14), Jesus Christ was God (“the form of God”). He was the eternal Son who was in heaven with the Father (John 1:1; 17:5, 24) before he was born in Bethlehem and named Jesus. To have the “form” implies an exact nature and possessing all the characteristics and qualities of something. In this case that something being God. Paul mentions this because on earth Jesus Christ is living as a servant, not as the God he was in heaven. When coming to earth, God emptied himself, by taking the form of a servant, being born in the likeness of men. We describe this likeness as the “Son of Man”. Jesus Christ was truly God and truly man. This unique person has had the form of both God and man, God/Man. He was the image of the invisible God (Colossians 1:15).

Being in the form of God, Jesus Christ did not feel the need to hold on to or express his privileges as God, but to humble himself by taking our retched filthy sin and becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross. With our sin on him it meant he would die in our place on a cross. Dying on a cross is the ultimate shame, “who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross, despising the shame” (Hebrews 12:2). This One who provided for our salvation was despised and rejected by men, a man of sorrows and acquainted with grief (Isaiah 53:3).

Therefore, beginning verse 9, points back to the humiliation of Jesus Christ in becoming obedient to the point of death, and because of that service for us, he was then highly exalted by God by bestowing on him a name that was above all names. It is thought that by so naming him, God had given him status and a position that had not been his before his incarnation as both God and man. It is believed that this name given was the name “Yahweh” who we refer to as “Lord.”

This God/Man did not exist before the incarnation and now with his existence came salvation and a population of people who are born spiritually and exist for the first time in eternal history. The total uniqueness of this God/Man who we know as “Lord,” resulting in a unique people, brings forth one who divides all humanity into two groups: (1) those who refuse to humbly bow their knee to him and (2) those who God has chosen, who will humbly bow their knee to him in an act of acceptance and worship. To our Lord, every knee in heaven and on earth and under the earth will one day bow the knee and will result in either eternal salvation or in eternal destruction.

As God/Man, Jesus Christ came and did a great work and is doing a great work in destroying “every rule and every authority and power” (1 Corinthians 15:25 – 26), even the last enemy to be destroyed is sin and death, and as a result, “God has put all things in subjection under his feet” (1 Corinthians 15:27). “When all things are subjected to him, then the Son himself will also be subjected to him who put all things in subjection under him, that God may be all in all” (1 Corinthians 15:28). This exaltation of Jesus Christ also results in “the glory of God the Father” (2:11). Since God gave Jesus messianic dominion over all creation, everyone will one day rightly give praise to him as Lord. However, when the day comes that the kingdom reaches its fullness, Jesus Christ will not keep the glory of his accomplishment for himself, as he will also be subject to the Father that “God may be all in all” (1 Corinthians 15:28). What a powerful and unique example Jesus Christ was of loving service to God.

2.4 Philippians 2:12-13, Work Out Your Own Salvation

2:12 Therefore, my beloved, as you have always obeyed, so now, not only as in my presence but much more in my absence, work out your own salvation with fear and trembling, 13 for it is God who works in you, both to will and to work for his good pleasure. (Philippians 2:12 – 13 ESV)

With the previous lesson we finished the section devoted to seeing a unique example of humility demonstrated by a unique God/Man, our Lord Jesus Christ. With this lesson the focus turns from Jesus Christ who provided for our salvation to us who have humbly bowed the knee to him and by grace through faith have been born again and are righteous members of God’s kingdom. Paul will instruct us on how we are to live.

“Therefore” that begins 2:12 points us back to our salvation provided for us by Jesus Christ. As Paul often does when he is about to exhort someone, he has first a word of encouragement to disarm them of any resistance. He speaks to them with affection by referring to them as “beloved” and speaks of their obedience to instruction, and now comes the new instruction. He expected their obedience if he were present, but he requests even greater obedience in his absence. He tells them to work out their own salvation with fear and trembling, but was not their salvation a gift (Ephesians 2:8)? If so, then what does it mean to “work out your own salvation?”

We must remember that salvation begins with being born again which implies a beginning with a need to grow. It is that growth that is implied in the “work out.” The “fear and trembling” suggest the urgency and importance of that growth. In the NET “fear and trembling” is translated “awe and reverence” “to portray the attitude believers should have towards God as they consider their behavior in light of God working though Jesus Christ (2:6 – 12) and in the believer’s life (2:13) to accomplish their salvation.” (See footnote 15 for Philippians 2 at the link (https://netbible.org/bible/Philippians+2).

I think it is important to consider both translations and see “awe and reverence” of what God did as a motivation to grow spiritually in our behavior and to see the importance and urgency of that growth. Looking at 2:13, we find that we are not alone in that growth as God encourages us (to will) and helps us (to work) to accomplish that growth to maturity. He desires that growth and maturity for its effect on his pleasure.

I might remind you from past studies that his encouragement and help may come in the form of trials because James explained to us that those trials test our faith which in turn produce endurance, or steadfastness ESV, and endurance results in us becoming “perfect and complete, lacking in nothing” (James 1:2 – 3). Paul explains that “suffering produces endurance, and endurance produces character” (Romans 5:4).

In his letter to the Corinthians, Paul remanded them for their lack of growth when he said, “I fed you with milk, not solid food, for you were not ready for it. And even now you are not yet ready” (1 Corinthians 3:2 ESV). We find the same problem being faced in the letters to the Hebrews: “For though by this time you ought to be teachers, you need someone to teach you again the basic principles of the oracles of God. You need milk, not solid food” (Hebrews 5:12 ESV).

Given your age as a Christian, if God were to give you a maturity test how would you rate? With that rating would you feel shame to stand before God? In working with believers in the western church, I find little evidence of good spiritual growth. There has been little respect for the command: “Be diligent to present yourself approved to God as a worker who does not need to be ashamed, accurately handling the word of truth” (2 Timothy 2:15 NASB). Way too much time has been spent filling their desire for comfort in the things of the world. In my earlier years, as a runner I had to experience a certain amount of discomfort getting into shape if I was to have a good performance at an upcoming road race. The same is true when desiring spiritual growth.

2.5 Philippians 2:14-15, Do All Things Without Grumbling or Disputing

2:14 Do all things without grumbling or disputing, 15 that you may be blameless and innocent, children of God without blemish in the midst of a crooked and twisted generation, among whom you shine as lights in the world, (Philippians 2:14 – 15 ESV)

In the previous lesson we considered the meaning of “work out your salvation with fear and trembling.” In this lesson we will look at the results expected if that growth takes place.

Paul now directs our attention to what that spiritual growth looks like. He presents two important things to consider: (1) Do all things without grumbling or disputing and (2) Hold fast to the word of life.

(1) Do all things without grumbling or disputing – When we should do something that is not near the top of our desire list, we may feel some resistance in doing it and we may show our displeasure with a certain amount of grumbling which may have a negative effect on others resulting in some disputing over doing what we were supposed to do in the first place. One of those things we may not want to do is to show hospitality and Peter tells us to do it without grumbling (1 Peter 4:9). Another thing we may not want to do is to pray, but in 1 Timothy 2:8 we are instructed that in every place we should pray.

We are to do those things that we may not desire to do at the time because if we do then we will be seen by God and others as “blameless and innocent children of God.” We are to be imitators of God in our behavior, as his beloved children (Ephesians 5:1). The Lord can keep us from stumbling and to present us blameless before the presence of his glory with great joy (Jude 1:24). We do not have to be alone in working out our salvation, for it is God’s will that we press on to maturity with him.

We are to be blameless and innocent, beloved children of God “in the midst of a crooked and twisted generation” where spiritual darkness exists. Today, in the western world, spiritual darkness is coming upon us with unprecedented speed, and we are to stand before it without blemish and shine as lights. In Matthew 5:14, Jesus described us as the light of the world that is not to be hidden. We are to let our light shine before others, so that they may see our good works and give glory to our Father who is in heaven (Matthew 5:16). If we stand “blameless and innocent” our light will shine strongly, and the unsaved will be encouraged to come to the light and find salvation.

Let us relax some and make this paragraph a two-lesson study instead of another long one.

2.6 Philippians 2:16-18, Hold Fast to the Word of Life

2:16 holding fast to the word of life, so that in the day of Christ I may be proud that I did not run in vain or labor in vain. 17 Even if I am to be poured out as a drink offering upon the sacrificial offering of your faith, I am glad and rejoice with you all. 18 Likewise you also should be glad and rejoice with me. (Philippians 2:16 – 18 ESV)

In the previous lesson we decided to make two short lessons instead of a long one by covering the first of two points in the previous lesson and the second point in this lesson. Those two points are: (1) Do all things without grumbling or disputing and (2) Hold fast to the word of life.

(2) Hold fast to the word of life – This point was not included among the subpoints being covered in the first of two main points because “holding fast to the word of life” is followed by the word “so.” That little two letter word indicates that what follows is to be associated with the point that came before it.

As we stand before approaching spiritual darkness shine as lights in the world (2:15), and we are to hold fast to the word of life. To “hold fast” means we are to believe God’s word and obey it, but part of that obedience is to hold the gospel out to the unsaved (Mark 16:15; Matthew 28:19 – 20). How do we know what to believe if we do not diligently study his word, and once we know what we are to obey are we willing to do so? For example, during the COVID lockdown did we obey God’s command to assemble, or did we yield our freedom and succumb to the government’s command to stay home? Did our choice embolden the government to remove more of our freedom that many died for in years past or did it produce a restraint? The kind of life we live from day to day is going to add up to a total that we will bring with us to “the day of Christ.” Will we stand there knowing we ran the race well or will we stand there in shame for our slothfulness?

Paul is asking the Philippians if they have been and are continuing to hold fast to the word of life or did, he “run in vail” with them or “labor in vain” over them. Paul gave himself for them like he was a drink offering that was offered upon the sacrificial altar, and he wants to know if he can rejoice with them in his sacrifice. He also wants them to be able to rejoice with him because of their obedience.

2.7 Philippians 2:19-24, Timothy

2:19 I hope in the Lord Jesus to send Timothy to you soon, so that I too may be cheered by news of you. 20 For I have no one like him, who will be genuinely concerned for your welfare. 21 For they all seek their own interests, not those of Jesus Christ. 22 But you know Timothy’s proven worth, how as a son with a father he has served with me in the gospel. 23 I hope therefore to send him just as soon as I see how it will go with me, 24 and I trust in the Lord that shortly I will come also. (Philippians 2:19 – 24 ESV)

With the previous lesson we finished covering the two main points that related to working out our salvation. With this lesson we begin a short study of two examples of two believers who were willing to look out for the needs of others in serving Jesus Christ.

If we do a biblegateway.com search on Timothy in the ESV we find his name appearing at 28 locations. It appears that Paul first meets Timothy in Acts 16:1 ESV: “Paul came to Derbe and then to Lystra, where a disciple named Timothy lived, whose mother was Jewish and a believer but whose father was a Greek. The believers at Lystra and Iconium spoke well of him. Paul wanted to take him along on the journey, so he circumcised him because of the Jews who lived in that area, for they all knew that his father was a Greek.” As one looks through the references it is determined that Timothy is either with Paul serving long aide of him or away on assignment.

Here in 2:19 we find Timothy is with Paul visiting him in the Roman Prison but may soon be sent to the Philippians. Looking at a Bible chronology of Acts it appears that Epaphroditus was sent first and carried this letter to them. His purpose in sending Timothy was to obtain news from them as to how they were doing, news that would cheer Paul up while in confinement.

In 2:20, Paul begins to mention Timothy’s qualities and says there is “no one like him.” In his service to Paul, he has been faithful and reliable in doing the work of the Lord as Paul had (1 Corinthians 16:10). When Timothy comes to them it will not be to simply gather news about them but to be an encouragement to them from Paul who was concerned for their welfare.

One of the qualities that sets Timothy apart from others is that they seek their own interest when serving others, but Timothy seeks the interest of Jesus Christ in serving others. Through selfless service, Timothy has proven his worth in Christian ministry especially in serving with Paul. In fact, Paul describes his service to be like a son who serves his father.

Paul wants to have Timothy wait a short while to see what the authorities decide to do with him and so Epaphroditus was sent first and carried this letter to them. It was Paul’s desire that he might be released soon and be able to come to them himself, but we know that did not happen.

The last mention we have of Timothy is at the end of Hebrews where it is mentioned that Timothy was released from prison. Paul never mentioned Timothy’s imprisonment, but apparently Timothy was imprisoned after Paul wrote 2 Timothy and then released in time to be mentioned in Hebrews which was written after 2 Timothy. It is my personal belief that Paul wrote Hebrews as his last book.

2.8 Philippians 2:25-30, Epaphroditus

2:25 I have thought it necessary to send to you Epaphroditus my brother and fellow worker and fellow soldier, and your messenger and minister to my need, 26 for he has been longing for you all and has been distressed because you heard that he was ill. 27 Indeed he was ill, near to death. But God had mercy on him, and not only on him but on me also, lest I should have sorrow upon sorrow. 28 I am the more eager to send him, therefore, that you may rejoice at seeing him again, and that I may be less anxious. 29 So receive him in the Lord with all joy, and honor such men, 30 for he nearly died for the work of Christ, risking his life to complete what was lacking in your service to me. (Philippians 2:25 – 30 ESV)

In the previous lesson we spent some time looking at the life of Timothy. In this lesson we will look at the life of Epaphroditus.

If we do a search at biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=Epaphroditus&version=ESV on Epaphroditus in the ESV, as we did for Timothy, we find his name appearing at only three locations all here in the letter to the Philippians, yet Paul picks him out as an example on one who demonstrated a selfless attitude towards others.

Epaphroditus lived in Philippi and was an active member of the church there. During the time Paul ministered in this church, he became a very close friend of Epaphroditus and refers to him as “my brother and fellow worker and fellow soldier” (2:25).

As a “fellow worker” it is probable that Epaphroditus served with Paul in ministry there at Philippi, and it is also possible that when he came to Rome to deliver a contribution to Paul, that he ministered with him there after his time of recovery from his illness.

As a “fellow soldier” he was effective in the warfare we as believers face constantly. In 2 Timothy 2:3 – 4, Paul speaks of suffering like a good soldier of Jesus Christ and not getting entangled in civilian affairs. There are many foes to overcome in the Christian life and so life in many ways can be described like a warfare. Paul says in Ephesians 6:12 (ESV) that “our struggle is not against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the powers of this dark world and against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly realms.” Engaged in this spiritual warfare, Epaphroditus was an effective soldier.

Epaphroditus was a messenger sent to Paul while he was imprisoned in Rome, with a gift to help care for him. While there Epaphroditus recovered from his sickness and for a while ministered to Paul’s needs. As he stayed with Paul, Epaphroditus became concerned that members of the church at Philippi would grow concerned over his delay in returning for they had heard that he was ill, near to death, and by now they may have been worried over how he was. They did not know that God had showed mercy on him and had healed him and in that healing had also removed a great burden from Paul. Thinking about that burden Paul felt over the sickness of Epaphroditus, he knew the Philippians would also be burdened over Epaphroditus, and that it was time for him to return.

Paul sends him back to them with this letter and explained to them that Epaphroditus nearly died for the work of Christ telling them that he was willing to risk his life in coming with their gift of encouragement. I find it interesting that Paul pointed out to them that their gift was overdue and that it completed what he felt they owed him. There seems to be times when Paul is just a little harsh in the words he uses. Paul, like all of us, have a few rough edges that will always exist in this life, but will be removed during the resurrection of our bodies.

Chapter 2 – Questions with Answers

1. What attitude does Paul urge believers to have toward one another in Philippians 2:1–4?

Paul urges believers to live in humility, unity, and selfless love. He tells the church not to act out of selfish ambition or pride, but to value others above themselves. This does not mean believers ignore their own needs completely, but that they willingly place the spiritual good and welfare of others before personal recognition or advancement. Paul emphasizes that Christian unity is built when believers share the same love, purpose, and mindset centered on Christ. True humility causes a person to care about the concerns of others rather than focusing only on personal desires. This teaching directly challenges pride, competition, jealousy, and self-centeredness. The church becomes strong when believers serve one another with the attitude of Christ Himself.

2. Why is Jesus presented as the supreme example of humility in Philippians 2:5–11?

Jesus is presented as the perfect example because He willingly left the glory of heaven to become a servant. Though He existed in the form of God, He humbled Himself by taking on human flesh and living among sinful humanity. His humility was not weakness but voluntary obedience to the Father’s will. Christ’s humility reached its highest expression when He became obedient unto death, even death on a cross; a form of execution associated with shame and suffering. Paul uses this example to show believers that greatness in God’s kingdom comes through surrender, obedience, and sacrificial love. After Christ humbled Himself, God highly exalted Him and gave Him the name above every name. This teaches that God honors humility and that eternal glory follows faithful obedience.

3. What does it mean that Jesus “emptied Himself” in Philippians 2:7?

The phrase “emptied Himself” does not mean Jesus stopped being God. Instead, it means He willingly laid aside the privileges and glory of heaven in order to take on the role of a servant. He entered human life with all its limitations, suffering, and weakness, yet without sin. Christ veiled His divine glory and humbled Himself so He could fully identify with humanity and accomplish redemption. This act reveals the depth of God’s love and the greatness of Christ’s sacrifice. Jesus did not cling to His heavenly position for His own advantage but willingly came to save sinners. His example teaches believers to surrender pride and serve others sacrificially.

4. What is the significance of God exalting Jesus after His suffering and death?

God’s exaltation of Jesus demonstrates that humility and obedience lead to glory. After Christ’s suffering, death, and resurrection, God highly exalted Him above all creation. Jesus now possesses supreme authority, and one day every knee will bow and every tongue will confess that He is Lord. This exaltation confirms Christ’s deity, victory, and eternal reign. It also assures believers that suffering for righteousness is never wasted. Just as Christ was glorified after His obedience, believers can trust God to honor faithfulness in His perfect time. The passage reveals both the humiliation and the triumph of Christ, forming the foundation of Christian hope and worship.

5. What does Paul mean by “work out your own salvation with fear and trembling” in Philippians 2:12?

Paul is not teaching salvation by works. Salvation comes through faith in Christ alone. The phrase means believers are to live out and demonstrate the reality of their salvation through obedient living. “Fear and trembling” refers to reverence, seriousness, and humility before God. Christians are called to pursue holiness, resist sin, and grow spiritually because God is actively working within them. The next verse explains this clearly by saying that God works in believers both to will and to do His good pleasure. Salvation changes a person internally, and that transformation should become visible outwardly through faithful living and obedience.

6. How does God work in believers according to Philippians 2:13?

Paul teaches that God works within believers to shape both their desires and actions according to His will. This means spiritual growth is not accomplished merely through human effort. God gives believers the desire to obey Him and the strength to carry out that obedience. The Christian life is therefore a partnership between divine grace and human responsibility. Believers are called to obey, yet they depend entirely upon God’s empowering presence. This truth encourages Christians because it reminds them they are not alone in their struggle for holiness. God continually works within His people to transform them into the image of Christ.

7. Why does Paul command believers to do all things without complaining or disputing in Philippians 2:14–16?

Complaining and arguing damage unity and weaken a believer’s witness before the world. Paul calls Christians to live differently from the rebellious spirit of the world. A thankful, peaceful, and obedient attitude reflects the character of Christ. When believers avoid grumbling and conflict, they shine like lights in a dark world and demonstrate the transforming power of the gospel. Paul wants the church to hold firmly to the word of life so that their conduct matches their message. A joyful and faithful spirit becomes a testimony that points others toward Christ.

8. What does Paul mean when he says believers shine “as lights in the world”?

Believers are called to reflect the truth, holiness, and love of Christ in a spiritually dark world. Just as light exposes darkness and provides guidance, Christians are meant to display God’s truth through both their words and actions. The world is filled with sin, confusion, and spiritual blindness, but faithful believers become visible witnesses of God’s grace. Their lives should demonstrate integrity, purity, compassion, humility, and hope. Paul emphasizes that believers shine brightest when they remain faithful to God’s Word and live differently from the sinful patterns around them.

9. Why does Paul praise Timothy in Philippians 2:19–24?

Paul praises Timothy because Timothy genuinely cared for the spiritual welfare of others rather than seeking personal gain. Unlike many people who pursued their own interests, Timothy faithfully served Christ and ministered with a sincere heart. Paul viewed him as a trusted spiritual son who had proven his character through faithful service. Timothy’s example demonstrates the kind of servant-hearted leadership Paul wanted the church to imitate. His life reflected humility, loyalty, compassion, and dedication to the gospel.

10. What can believers learn from the example of Epaphroditus in Philippians 2:25–30?

Epaphroditus demonstrates sacrificial service and deep devotion to Christ. He faithfully ministered to Paul and risked his life for the work of the gospel. Even while seriously ill, he remained concerned about the church’s worries rather than focusing only on himself. Paul honored him as a faithful worker, fellow soldier, and servant of Christ. His example teaches believers the value of perseverance, courage, humility, and commitment in serving God and others. The church is encouraged to honor faithful servants who labor sacrificially for the kingdom of God.

11. How does Philippians 2 reveal the connection between humility and unity?

Philippians 2 shows that unity grows where humility exists. Pride creates division because it causes people to seek their own desires and recognition. Humility, however, allows believers to love, serve, forgive, and support one another. Paul connects unity directly to adopting the mindset of Christ, who willingly humbled Himself for others. When believers follow Christ’s example, they become more patient, compassionate, and selfless. The result is stronger fellowship and a church that reflects the character of Jesus.

12. What are the major theological themes found in Philippians 2?

Philippians 2 contains several major theological themes, including humility, servanthood, obedience, unity, Christ’s incarnation, Christ’s deity, sacrifice, exaltation, sanctification, and faithful Christian living. The chapter reveals the gospel through Christ’s descent from heavenly glory to earthly suffering and then to exaltation. It also teaches believers how the gospel should shape daily conduct. Paul presents Jesus not only as Savior but also as the model for Christian living. The chapter calls believers to live with humility, obedience, joy, and dedication to God’s purposes while trusting God to work within them.

Chapter 3 – Pressing On Toward the Prize

Chapter Introduction

Philippians 3 shifts the letter into a passionate warning and a joyful pursuit. Paul urges believers to reject any confidence in religious achievements or human righteousness, counting all things as loss compared to the surpassing worth of knowing Christ. The chapter pulses with forward‑moving energy as Paul describes the Christian life as a race toward the heavenly prize, calling the church to imitate his example and to stand firm as citizens of a greater kingdom.

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Chapter Lesson Index

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Chapter Questions and Answers

  1. Why does Paul tell the believers to “rejoice in the Lord” even while warning them about false teachers? (Philippians 3:1–3)
  2. What does Paul mean when he says he has “no confidence in the flesh”? (Philippians 3:3–7)
  3. Why does Paul call his former accomplishments “loss” and “rubbish”? (Philippians 3:7–8)
  4. What kind of righteousness is Paul seeking in Philippians 3:9?
  5. What does Paul mean when he says he wants to “know” Christ? (Philippians 3:10)
  6. What is “the power of His resurrection”? (Philippians 3:10)
  7. What does it mean to share in “the fellowship of His sufferings”? (Philippians 3:10)
  8. Why does Paul say he has not already “attained” perfection? (Philippians 3:12)
  9. What does Paul mean by “forgetting those things which are behind”? (Philippians 3:13)
  10. What is the “prize” Paul presses toward? (Philippians 3:14)
  11. Why does Paul warn believers about those who are “enemies of the cross of Christ”? (Philippians 3:18–19)
  12. What does Paul mean when he says “our citizenship is in heaven”? (Philippians 3:20)
  13. What hope does Philippians 3 give concerning the future resurrection? (Philippians 3:20–21)
  14. How does Philippians 3 challenge believers today?

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Chapter 3 – Bible Lessons

3.1 ​Philippians 3:1-4, Look Out for the Dogs

3:1 Finally, my brothers, rejoice in the Lord. To write the same things to you is no trouble to me and is safe for you.

3:2 Look out for the dogs, look out for the evildoers, look out for those who mutilate the flesh. 3 For we are the circumcision, who worship by the Spirit of God and glory in Christ Jesus and put no confidence in the flesh— 4 though I have reason for confidence in the flesh also. (Philippians 3:1 – 4 ESV)

With the previous lesson we completed the major section of Paul’s letter, covering his exhortation for them to engage in humble service in meeting the needs of others. In that lesson spiritual warfare was mentioned, and with this lesson we begin a new major section in which that warfare comes to the forefront as opponents of the gospel show up in Philippi.

To rejoice is found in six verses in Philippians: 1:18; 2:17; 2:18; 3:1; 4:4, 10. In 1 Thessalonians 5:16, we are instructed to rejoice always, no matter our circumstances. That rejoicing is to be in the Lord, because of all he has done for us. We may be suffering now, but he suffered more greatly for us in providing for our salvation. To rejoice is an expression of joy which is not based on external happenings but is a characteristic of love which is the fruit of the Spirit.

To “write the same things to you” would imply that he had previously shared certain truths and admonitions with them in person, possibly when he was with them in Philippi. Some of the things in this letter to them would be a record of those exhortations.

With that short call to rejoice, Paul is now ready to warn them of possible trouble. As in previous letters, it seems inevitable that some Judaizers will show up and speak of things like the importance of circumcision. Paul refers to them as “dogs” a term found at numerous places in Scripture. In a prophecy about Jesus Christ, it is indicated that “dogs encompass me; a company of evildoers encircles me; they have pierced my hands and feet” (Psalm 22:16 SV). In Psalm 22:20, these dogs are seen to have power. In Isaiah 56:10 – 11, these dogs are described to be without knowledge or understanding but have mighty appetites. They have turned to their own way and teach to their own gain. Paul also refers to these Judaizers as evildoers and those who mutilate the flesh.

Paul now draws a contrast. The Judaizers refer to themselves as the true circumcision but in Romans 2:29, Paul explains that a true Jew is one inwardly and that circumcision is not of the flesh but is a matter of the heart, performed by the Spirit, not by the letter. Paul describes the church to be the true circumcision, made up those who worship by the Spirit of God, who glory in Christ Jesus, and who put no confidence in the flesh. Jesus spoke of a coming time when true worshippers will worship the Father in spirit and truth (John 4:23). To worship by the Spirit requires that we live by the Spirit and keep in step with the Spirit (Galatians 5:25). To glory in Christ Jesus is to be proud of our work for God (Romans 15:17) and to boast in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ (Galatians 6:14). To put no confidence in the flesh is to rely on God to provide for our strength and ability to accomplish work for him.

Paul says that he has reason to put confidence in the flesh because of his background, but we will wait until the next lesson to see why he feel that way.

3.2 Philippians 3:4-6, Paul’s Confidence in the Flesh

3:4 though I have reason for confidence in the flesh also. If anyone else thinks he has reason for confidence in the flesh, I have more: 5 circumcised on the eighth day, of the people of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of Hebrews; as to the law, a Pharisee; 6 as to zeal, a persecutor of the church; as to righteousness under the law, blameless. (Philippians 3:4 – 6 ESV)

In the previous lesson, Paul warns the Philippians of coming trouble from a group of people referred to as Judaizers. We ended the lesson with Paul referring to the confidence he has in the flesh because of his background. In this lesson we will look at his background.

These Judaizers were confident that in the flesh they could adequately keep the law to produce sufficient righteousness to enter heaven. Paul refers to their confidence in the flesh and says he also has reason to be confident in the flesh, in fact he even boasts a little and adds that he has even more reason. To make sure they get the point, he lists seven reasons for their comparison: (1) Circumcised on the eighth day, (2) Of the people of Israel, (3) Of the tribe of Benjamin, (4) A Hebrew of Hebrews, (5) As to the law, a Pharisee, (6) As to zeal, a persecutor of the church, and (7) As to righteousness under the law, blameless.

(1) Circumcised on the eighth day – “He who is eight days old among you shall be circumcised. Every male throughout your generations, whether born in your house or bought with your money from any foreigner who is not of your offspring, both he who is born in your house and he who is bought with your money, shall surely be circumcised. So shall my covenant be in your flesh an everlasting covenant” (Genesis 17:12 – 13 ESV). “On the eighth day the boy is to be circumcised” (Leviticus 12:3 ESV).

(2) Of the people of Israel – Paul points out in 2 Corinthians 11:12 that he is a Hebrew, an Israelite, and an offspring of Abraham. He knew what tribe he was from.

(3) Of the tribe of Benjamin – In Romans 11:1, Paul indicated that he was an Israelite, a descendant of Abraham, and a member of the tribe of Benjamin.

(4) A Hebrew of Hebrews – This suggest that he descended from Jewish ancestors. Some think this suggest that he also spoke Aramaic, which was the national language of Israel in his day. He also spoke Greek since he came from Greek speaking Tarsus. From Acts 26:5 (ESV), we learn that he “conformed to the strictest set of our religion, living as a Pharisee.”

(5) As to the law, a Pharisee – In Acts 23:6 (ESV), when he was on trial, he cried out in the council, “I am a Pharisee, a son of Pharisees.”

(6) As to zeal, a persecutor of the church – “I am a Jew, born in Tarsus in Cilicia, but brought up in this city, educated at the feet of Gamaliel according to the strict manner of the law of our fathers, being zealous for God as all of you are this day. I persecuted this Way to the death, binding and delivering to prison both men and women” (Acts 22:3 – 4 ESV). “For you have heard of my former life in Judaism, how I persecuted the church of God violently and tried to destroy it. And I was advancing in Judaism beyond many of my own age among my people, so extremely zealous was I for the traditions of my fathers” (Galatians 1:13 – 14 ESV). “But Saul was ravaging the church, and entering house after house, he dragged off men and women and committed them to prison” (Acts 8:3 ESV).

(7) As to righteousness under the law, blameless – Following in the footsteps of Pharisees, Paul probably saw himself as righteous. He may have compared himself to Elijah in his zeal for righteousness (1 Kings 19:10, 14). Studying the life of Paul, it is easy to see how committed he is what he does, so in keeping the law there would be few so committed and thus seen as righteous and thus blameless.

3.3 Philippians 3:7-11, My Gain Was Counted as Loss

3:7 But whatever gain I had, I counted as loss for the sake of Christ. 8 Indeed, I count everything as loss because of the surpassing worth of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord. For his sake I have suffered the loss of all things and count them as rubbish, in order that I may gain Christ 9 and be found in him, not having a righteousness of my own that comes from the law, but that which comes through faith in Christ, the righteousness from God that depends on faith— 10 that I may know him and the power of his resurrection, and may share his sufferings, becoming like him in his death, 11 that by any means possible I may attain the resurrection from the dead. (Philippians 3:7 – 11 ESV)

In the previous lesson we looked at a list of reasons why Paul could say that he had confidence in the flesh. In this lesson, he discovers that these conditions do not mean anything when one seeks for righteousness.

In 2:5 – 6, Paul makes a list of things that sets him apart from others for having confidence in the flesh, but after his encounter with the Lord on the road to Damascus his value system changed. That list of positive characteristics that he saw as a “gain” he now sees as a “loss” because those things will not provide sufficient righteousness to allow entrance into heaven. Having met Jesus Christ, Paul now realizes that these characteristics of the flesh are not going to help him because he has learned that the righteousness he needs is given to him from God as a gift.

If one is to enter heaven through works, that one would have to live a perfect life, which is not possible because we are born spiritually dead with a sin nature. Even if we never did sin, our righteousness would not be sufficient because we need to be born spiritually and that is a gift from God and not a wage we earn through our works. The thing that is most important is not what we have to offer but in “knowing Christ Jesus my Lord.” We are to humble ourselves to the point of surrender to the Lord and be able to say with him: “I will greatly rejoice in the Lord; my soul shall exult in my God, for he has clothed me with the garments of salvation; he has covered me with the robe of righteousness, as a bridegroom decks himself like a priest with a beautiful headdress, and as a bride adorns herself with her jewels” (Isaiah 61:10 ESV). It is the garment of salvation and the robe of righteousness that are needed, that are too expensive for us to purchase, that are given as a gift to those of saving faith.

The Son of God came to earth and was forever changed by taking on a body of human flesh through a virgin birth, who we know as Jesus. While on earth Jesus Christ lived a perfect life under the law and was therefore, qualified to take our sin and go to the cross and die in our place. Since we are spiritually united with Christ through spiritual birth, we are crucified with him and are no longer found guilty before God. Taking our sin and imputing his righteousness to us, we are now seen as perfect as Jesus Chris was.

Having gained Christ by grace through faith, our filthy garments of self-righteousness are replaced with his garment of salvation and the robe of righteousness (Isaiah 61:10), we are now properly dressed to come and stand before God. Being cleaned up and given such expensive clothing, we seek to learn all we can about him and the power of his resurrection. It is that power that will one day raise us up and seat us in heavenly (See Ephesus 2:4 – 9) and to clothe us with our resurrected body.

For those in the west who embrace the need for comfort, safety, and security, there is a downside to this that they do not like to think about as spiritual darkness comes upon us, and that is sharing in his suffering to become like him in his death. If we truly follow him, we must deny ourselves and take up our cross daily and follow him. Believers who live in countries of persecution know about this suffering intimately, and one day we may here in the west know about it also. As we suffer with Christ, let us be assured of our resurrection from the dead.

3.4 Philippians 3:12-16, Press on Toward the Goal

3:12 Not that I have already obtained this or am already perfect, but I press on to make it my own, because Christ Jesus has made me his own. 13 Brothers, I do not consider that I have made it my own. But one thing I do: forgetting what lies behind and straining forward to what lies ahead, 14 I press on toward the goal for the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus. 15 Let those of us who are mature think this way, and if in anything you think otherwise, God will reveal that also to you. 16 Only let us hold true to what we have attained. (Philippians 3:12 – 16 ESV)

In the previous lesson, Paul concluded that his efforts and assets mean nothing towards the righteousness needed to enter heaven. That righteousness come as a gift from God to those who by faith are joined to Christ. In this lesson, Paul emphasizes the importance of pressing “on toward the goal for the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus.”

Because of being clothed with the garments of salvation and the robe of righteousness, we are seen as perfect by God as Christ was, but we are not yet perfect and so we press on attempting to make it our own because Jesus Christ made it his own. We are to “Fight the good fight of the faith. Take hold of the eternal life to which you were called and about which you made the good confession in the presence of many witnesses” (1 Timothy 6:12 ESV). Notice the balance here between faith and works. It is by faith that we are made righteous and seen by God as perfect but being unperfect in this life we are to work towards the goal of perfection.

Paul confesses that he is not yet perfect, but one thing is for sure, and that is he will not look back (Luke 9:62) to what he considered as important qualities but instead will strain to push forward to what lie ahead for him (Hebrews 6:1). He says, he presses on towards the goal for the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus. This suggest that Paul is purposeful in pressing on towards a heavenly goal to obtain the prize (1 Corinthians 9:24), which is the fulness of blessing and rewards in the age to come. The upward call can also be seen as the process of being conformed into the image of Jesus Christ (Romans 8:29).

One must work around the wording of 3:15, but what Paul is probably saying, is, if you think you are mature/perfect, you will realize that you are not yet mature/perfect. No matter where you are in the spiritual growth process, we must hold true to the level we have obtained, and then press on even further to obtain an even better prize. To hold true to our level of maturity would imply that we are living out what we have learned. The gaps between knowledge, wisdom, and behavior must be kept as small as possible. A large gap suggests that learning in the mind is not settling down into the heart and producing corresponding Christ-like behavior.

3.5 Philippians 3:17-21, The Need to Imitate

3:17 Brothers, join in imitating me, and keep your eyes on those who walk according to the example you have in us. 18 For many, of whom I have often told you and now tell you even with tears, walk as enemies of the cross of Christ. 19 Their end is destruction, their god is their belly, and they glory in their shame, with minds set on earthly things. 20 But our citizenship is in heaven, and from it we await a Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ, 21 who will transform our lowly body to be like his glorious body, by the power that enables him even to subject all things to himself. (Philippians 3:17 – 21 ESV)

In the previous lesson, we were challenged by Paul to press on, straining forward to the prize that lies ahead. In this lesson, Paul is bold enough to have us look to him and imitate him in our behavior, just as he is looking at Jesus Christ and imitating him.

In 3:17 – 21, Paul suggests that the Philippians follow his example of commitment to Jesus Christ as Lord. In 1 Corinthians 4:16 (ESV), he said: “I urge you, be imitators of me.” It appears that they did just that because in 1 Corinthians 11:2 (ESV), he said: “Now I commend you because you remember me in everything.” Paul also speaks of imitating him in 2 Thessalonians 3:7 – 8 ESV: “For you yourselves know how you ought to imitate us, because we were not idle when we were with you, nor did we eat anyone’s bread without paying for it, but with toil and labor we worked day and night, that we might not be a burden to any of you.”

Specifically, here Paul says, “join in imitating me, and keep your eyes on those who walk according to the example you have in us.” (3:17). We know that Paul is not yet perfect, nor are others that he refers to, but they are all good examples when compared to those who are not yet mature in the faith. Considerable spiritual growth can come from following others who are dedicated in working out their salvation as instructed by Paul in Philippians 2:12 – 13. Paul encouraged Timothy to be an example in speech, in conduct, in love, in faith, and in purity in 1 Timothy 4:12, 15 – 16. He apparently took that to heart because in 2 Timothy 3:10 – 11 (ESV), Paul commended him in saying, “You, however, have followed my teaching, my conduct, my aim in life, my faith, my patience, my love, my steadfastness, my persecutions and sufferings.”

There are many that we should not imitate. Paul is so saddened about them because so many walk as enemies of the ross of Christ. He may be referring to the Judaizers or to worldly people in general. Those who walk as enemies of the cross are destined for destruction because their god is their belly, and they glory in their shame, with minds set on earthly things. They falsely worship themselves and are consumed by earthly things and not by the things of Christ and the gospel.

These enemies of the cross are unbelievers because of their “destination being destruction” and with the reference “to our citizenship is in heaven.” At their eternal address they will not find anything desirable, but we look forward to our transformation when the Lord Jesus Christ comes. At that time our salvation will be complete when our lowly bodies are transformed and become like his glorious body. That new body we will receive will be beyond anything we can possibly imagine.

We who share in Christ’s example of service will also share in his vindication and glory as well. At that time our imperfection will be replaced with that which is perfect and complete. Paul discusses this in 1 Corinthians 15:12 – 28.

“To subject all things to himself” is not language we use today. It is messianic language drawn from the Old Testament concerning Jesus Christ. This subjection is spoken of in Psalm 8:6 ESV: “You have given his dominion over the works of your hands; you have put all things under his feet.” Also in Psalm 110:1 ESV: “The Lord says to my Lord: Sit at my right hand, until I make your enemies your footstool.”

Chapter 3 – Questions with Answers

1. Why does Paul tell the believers to “rejoice in the Lord” even while warning them about false teachers? (Philippians 3:1–3)

Paul begins this chapter by commanding believers to rejoice in the Lord because true joy is rooted in Christ rather than in circumstances, achievements, or religious systems. Immediately after this encouragement, Paul warns against false teachers who promoted confidence in outward religious acts such as circumcision. Paul understood that legalism steals joy because it shifts attention away from Christ’s finished work and places it on human performance. Genuine rejoicing comes from knowing that salvation is secure through faith in Jesus Christ. Christians worship by the Spirit of God, glory in Christ Jesus, and place no confidence in the flesh. Paul’s warning teaches believers to guard both doctrine and joy, because false teaching often undermines assurance and spiritual freedom.

2. What does Paul mean when he says he has “no confidence in the flesh”? (Philippians 3:3–7)

Paul uses the word “flesh” to describe human effort, accomplishments, religious heritage, and self-righteousness apart from God’s grace. Before his conversion, Paul possessed every advantage a Jewish person could claim. He was circumcised according to the law, belonged to Israel, was a Pharisee, and was zealous in religious devotion. Yet after encountering Christ, Paul realized that none of those things could make him righteous before God. By saying he has no confidence in the flesh, Paul rejects the idea that salvation or spiritual standing can be earned through human merit. This teaches believers that our identity and acceptance before God are not based on background, morality, or achievements, but entirely on Jesus Christ.

3. Why does Paul call his former accomplishments “loss” and “rubbish”? (Philippians 3:7–8)

Paul once treasured his religious accomplishments because he believed they gave him righteousness before God. However, after meeting Christ, he recognized that those achievements were worthless compared to the surpassing value of knowing Jesus. The term “rubbish” emphasizes how insignificant earthly status and self-righteousness become when compared to eternal life in Christ. Paul is not saying that discipline or obedience are meaningless; rather, he is teaching that they cannot save anyone. Salvation comes only through faith in Christ. This passage challenges believers to evaluate what they value most. Anything placed above Christ—even good things—can become spiritually dangerous if it replaces dependence on Him.

4. What kind of righteousness is Paul seeking in Philippians 3:9?

Paul desires a righteousness that comes through faith in Christ rather than through obedience to the law. The righteousness of the law depended on perfect obedience, which no sinner could achieve. The righteousness Paul now possesses is given by God through faith in Jesus Christ. This is often called “imputed righteousness,” meaning Christ’s righteousness is credited to believers. Paul emphasizes that salvation is based on God’s grace and received by faith. This truth is foundational to the gospel because it removes boasting and magnifies God’s mercy. Believers stand accepted before God not because of their perfection, but because of Christ’s perfection.

5. What does Paul mean when he says he wants to “know” Christ? (Philippians 3:10)

Paul is speaking of a deep, personal, ongoing relationship with Jesus Christ. He already knew Christ as Savior, but he longed to know Him more fully through daily fellowship, obedience, suffering, and spiritual growth. Knowing Christ involves experiencing the power of His resurrection, sharing in His sufferings, and becoming more conformed to His character. Paul desired intimacy with Christ more than comfort, success, or recognition. This teaches believers that Christianity is not merely intellectual knowledge or religious activity; it is a living relationship with the risen Lord that transforms the heart and life.

6. What is “the power of His resurrection”? (Philippians 3:10)

The power of Christ’s resurrection refers to the transforming power that raised Jesus from the dead and now works in believers. This power brings spiritual life, victory over sin, strength during suffering, and hope for eternal resurrection. Paul desired to experience this power continually in his life and ministry. The resurrection proves Christ’s victory over sin, death, and Satan. For believers, resurrection power means they are no longer enslaved to their old nature and can live in obedience through the Holy Spirit. It also gives assurance that one day believers will receive glorified bodies and eternal life with Christ.

7. What does it mean to share in “the fellowship of His sufferings”? (Philippians 3:10)

Paul teaches that following Christ often includes suffering. Sharing in Christ’s sufferings does not mean participating in His atoning sacrifice, since only Jesus could die for sins. Instead, it refers to enduring hardship, rejection, persecution, and sacrifice for the sake of Christ. Paul viewed suffering as a means of drawing closer to Jesus because it deepened dependence upon God and shaped believers into Christlike character. Christians should not seek suffering, but they should expect opposition in a fallen world. God can use suffering to strengthen faith, produce endurance, and display His glory.

8. Why does Paul say he has not already “attained” perfection? (Philippians 3:12)

Although Paul was a mature believer and apostle, he recognized that spiritual growth is a lifelong process. He had not yet reached complete Christlikeness or perfection. Paul’s humility is important because it reminds believers that sanctification continues throughout life. Rather than becoming complacent, Paul pressed forward in pursuit of deeper obedience and fellowship with Christ. This passage teaches believers to remain spiritually hungry and teachable. Growth in Christ requires continual dependence on God, repentance, and perseverance.

9. What does Paul mean by “forgetting those things which are behind”? (Philippians 3:13)

Paul means that believers should not allow past failures, sins, achievements, or experiences to hinder their present pursuit of Christ. Paul himself had a painful past, including persecuting Christians, but he refused to live trapped by guilt or pride. Forgetting does not mean losing memory; it means refusing to be controlled by the past. Some believers are hindered by regret, while others are hindered by pride in past accomplishments. Paul teaches that the Christian life requires continual forward movement toward spiritual maturity and God’s calling.

10. What is the “prize” Paul presses toward? (Philippians 3:14)

The prize refers to the full realization of God’s heavenly calling in Christ Jesus. Paul looked forward to eternal fellowship with Christ, complete transformation into Christlikeness, and eternal rewards for faithful service. The Christian life is pictured as a race requiring endurance, focus, and perseverance. Paul’s goal was not earthly success but eternal reward and deeper union with Christ. This encourages believers to live with eternal perspective rather than being consumed by temporary earthly concerns.

11. Why does Paul warn believers about those who are “enemies of the cross of Christ”? (Philippians 3:18–19)

Paul warns that some people oppose the true message of the gospel even if they appear religious. These individuals live according to earthly desires rather than submission to Christ. Their focus is on temporary pleasures, worldly thinking, and self-indulgence. Paul speaks with tears because false teaching and ungodly living lead people away from salvation and spiritual maturity. This warning teaches believers to exercise discernment and to evaluate teachings and lifestyles according to Scripture. A person’s true spiritual condition is revealed not merely by words, but by the direction of their life.

12. What does Paul mean when he says “our citizenship is in heaven”? (Philippians 3:20)

Paul reminds believers that their ultimate identity and allegiance belong to God’s kingdom rather than earthly systems. Philippi was a Roman colony, so the readers understood the significance of citizenship. Christians live on earth, but their true home is heaven. This heavenly citizenship shapes values, priorities, and behavior. Believers are called to live differently from the world because they represent Christ’s kingdom. This truth also provides hope during trials because earthly suffering is temporary, while eternal life with Christ is everlasting.

13. What hope does Philippians 3 give concerning the future resurrection? (Philippians 3:20–21)

Paul teaches that Jesus Christ will one day return and transform believers’ humble earthly bodies into glorious bodies like His resurrected body. This promise gives hope in the midst of weakness, suffering, aging, and death. The resurrection guarantees that death is not the end for those who belong to Christ. Believers will experience complete redemption, eternal life, and perfect fellowship with God. This future hope motivates Christians to persevere faithfully and live with confidence in God’s promises.

14. How does Philippians 3 challenge believers today?

Philippians 3 challenges believers to examine where they place their confidence and identity. Many people trust in morality, religion, achievements, or worldly success, but Paul teaches that only Christ provides true righteousness and eternal life. The chapter calls Christians to pursue a deeper relationship with Jesus, persevere in spiritual growth, reject false teaching, and live with an eternal perspective. It reminds believers that spiritual maturity involves humility, endurance, and continual dependence upon God. Above all, Philippians 3 points believers to the surpassing worth of knowing Christ Jesus as Lord.

Chapter 4 – Contentment, Peace, and Generous Partnership

Chapter Introduction

Philippians 4 brings Paul’s letter to a warm and pastoral conclusion, calling believers to stand firm in the Lord with a spirit of joy, gentleness, and prayerful dependence. He urges the church to replace anxiety with thankful petition and to fill their minds with what is true and excellent. The chapter highlights the beauty of contentment in Christ and celebrates the Philippians’ faithful partnership in the gospel, ending with a benediction that reflects the peace and provision found only in the Lord.

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Chapter Lesson Index

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Chapter Questions and Answers

  1. Why does Paul urge Euodia and Syntyche to “agree in the Lord” (Philippians 4:2)?
  2. What does Paul mean when he says, “Rejoice in the Lord always” (Philippians 4:4)?
  3. How can believers demonstrate gentleness according to Philippians 4:5?
  4. What does Philippians 4:6 teach about anxiety and prayer?
  5. What is the “peace of God” described in Philippians 4:7?
  6. Why does Paul instruct believers to think about certain things in Philippians 4:8?
  7. What does Paul mean when he says he learned to be content in every circumstance (Philippians 4:11-12)?
  8. What is the meaning of “I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me” (Philippians 4:13)?
  9. Why does Paul commend the Philippians for their generosity (Philippians 4:14-18)?
  10. What does Philippians 4:19 mean when it says God will supply every need?
  11. How does Philippians 4 emphasize the relationship between prayer and peace?
  12. What are the major themes of Philippians 4?

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Chapter 4 – Bible Lessons

4.1 Philippians 4:1-3, Come to an Agreement

4:1 Therefore, my brothers, whom I love and long for, my joy and crown, stand firm thus in the Lord, my beloved.

4:2 I entreat Euodia, and I entreat Syntyche to agree in the Lord. 3 Yes, I ask you also, true companion, help these women, who have labored side by side with me in the gospel together with Clement and the rest of my fellow workers, whose names are in the book of life. (Philippians 4:1 – 3 ESV)

With the previous lesson we finished the major section devoted to the encouragement of engaging in humble service. With this lesson we begin the final major section of Paul’s letter to the Philippians.

The “therefore” beginning 4:1 can be seen as a conclusion to the last major section and/or as an introduction this new major section.

Paul has a love for those at the Philippian church and desires very much to be with them again. He is proud of their success and refers to it as his “joy and crown.” In 1:4 he speaks of the joy they give him when they were ministering together, and he sees his work at Philippi as his crowning achievement. The people we minister to can become to us “our glory and joy” (See 1 Thessalonians 2:20). I think of this often when I remember the groups I have ministered to over the years. I think of different life groups and Bible studies and my teaching in China.

Paul then exhorts them to “stand firm in the Lord”; to not allow outside pressures or distractions to interfere with their “pressing on toward the goal for the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus.” (3:14). We are to “stand firm, with one mind striving side by side for the faith of the gospel” (1:27).

As in most churches, there was a minor problem at Philippi, in this case it was with two ladies. It seems that “Euodia and Syntyche” were having trouble being at peace with each other, as there seemed to be something that they did not agree on and cannot seem to resolve. Paul entreats them to come to an agreement in the Lord, and then turns to others, who are qualified, and request they come along side these two ladies and help them resolve their differences.

These women labored side by side with Paul in the gospel when he was there, and he does not want this conflict to cause them to lose their effectiveness in ministry or to infect the church in some way. Not only did these women work with Paul, but also with Clement and the rest of Paul’s fellow workers, whose names are in the book of life.

The only place “Clement” is mentioned in the New Testament is here in 4:3. Mention of the names of these fellow workers recalls what Jesus said to those 72 disciples, who were sent out to share the gospel in the surrounding area, after they returned excited over what they had experienced (cf. Luke 10:1 – 12). They came back excited, but Jesus wanted them to see something even more exciting and important. He said to them: “Do not rejoice in this, that the spirits are subject to you, but rejoice that your names are written in heaven” (Luke 10:20) in the “book of life” in which are the names of those who belong to God.

4.2 Philippians 4:4-7, Do Not Be Anxious About Anything

4:4 Rejoice in the Lord always; again, I will say, rejoice. 5 Let your reasonableness be known to everyone. The Lord is at hand; 6 do not be anxious about anything, but in everything by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known to God. 7 And the peace of God, which surpasses all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. (Philippians 4:4 – 7 ESV)

In the previous lesson, Paul urged those believers he loved and longed to again visit, to stand firm in the Lord. He also entreated two ladies to settle their differences and urged other mature believers to help them in that resolution. In this lesson we come to a well-known passage on anxiety that is being ignored today by most in favor of some worldly substitute.

Paul uses the word rejoice seven times in his letter to the Philippians. We are to rejoice always, not just when things are going well. That would suggest happiness, which is related to pleasant external circumstances. Rejoice is an expression of joy, and joy is a characteristic of love, the fruit of The Spirit (Galatians 5:22). As a result, joy is always present and so, we can rejoice always.

To be reasonable is to be sensible, rational, full of common sense, fair, just, decent, to express a few synonyms. If we are going to maintain a healthy community, we must be reasonable or there will be conflict. To be reasonable is a temperament that seeks what is best for everyone, not just yourself.

To say, “The Lord is at hand in the next breath, may suggest that we maintain a healthy community so as not to be judged by the Lord who will return at some unforeseen time, but since the expression ends with a semicolon, it also suggests that when conditions are difficult and we become anxious, we are to remember that the Lord is near, he is at hand to provide help. That help may well be in the form of peace.

Paul tells us to “not be anxious about anything,” but how is that possible? I once sat in a class in which a Christian spoke on how to overcome anxiety when it occurs. He spoke for about an hour and never once said we should bring our anxious situation to the Lord in prayer and supplication with thanksgiving, letting our request be made known to God. When it became clear to me that he was not going to include this in his teaching, I asked if we should not do what God instructs us to do. His response was, “If it works for you then do it, but for most it does not work.”

That comment brought to my remembrance those anxious time when I was young in the faith, and then I would have welcomed his teaching because my knowledge, faith, and experience was not sufficient to overcome anxiety. This was the group of people his talk was focused on, but I was still not willing to let the opportunity pass and not comment on the importance of growing in faith so we can obey commands like the one Paul is now going to present. It is time to learn how to walk by faith and use what God has given us to use. He has commanded us to “Do [our] best to present [ourselves] to God as one approved, a worker who has no need to be ashamed, rightly handling the word of truth” (2 Timothy 2:15 ESV). If we spent time doing that, we would be in a better position to deal with anxiety as God directs us.

I speak from personal experience, especially during my time in China, that this method given by God is a most effective anxiety remover and is 100 percent effective. It is such a joy to be able to face a horribly anxious situation and be able to stop and present it to God and experience his overwhelming peace which surpasses all understand as to how it works, but it does, and it protects two very important parts of our body. His peace is designed to guard our hearts and our minds from hurt. I find that Jesus Christ is always available to provide for our need, but I have also learned that we need to wait patiently for him to do some work behind the scenes before a resolution occurs. However, while we wait, we can wait in peace.

Unfortunately, many believers today, especially in the west, find the provision given by God to help us in time of need does not seem to work and thus reject the bible as not relevant. The problem is not with the bible but in the fact that time is not taken to learn what the bible contains and practice using it to become efficient with it. People spend hours and hours practicing so many other things to become good at it, but not the Bible, and that to our shame.

4.3 Philippians 4:8-9, Things to Think On

4:8 Finally, brothers, whatever is true, whatever is honorable, whatever is just, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is commendable, if there is any excellence, if there is anything worthy of praise, think about these things. 9 What you have learned and received and heard and seen in me—practice these things, and the God of peace will be with you. (Philippians 4:8 – 9 ESV)

In the previous lesson we considered God’s method of dealing with anxious situations. In this lesson we will consider that which is important for us to think about.

Anxiety is the result of being afraid of something that may or may not happen. When our thoughts are focused on that which is causing our fear, nothing positive is accomplished. Instead of continuing to hash over our situation we need to by faith present it to God through prayer and let him work on it and while he does, we need to shift our focus of thinking to that which is positive. Paul tells us to think on that which is true, honorable, just, pure, lovely, and whatever is commendable. We are to think about things that are excellent and worthy of praise. Doing this will protect us from anxious thoughts creeping back into our lives and we will be inspired to worship God and serve him while we wait for his solution to our anxious situation.

Paul then again returns to his instruction in 3:17 to imitate him in his walk with the Lord. Close inspection of 4:9 provides much more than simply imitating Paul. We see words like learned, received, heard, seen, and practice. What are you taking time to learn, and does it include some serious time with the Spirit in God’s word? What are you receiving into your mind? Do you have a good and reliable filter in place to remove that which would have a negative impact on your spiritual growth? What kind of things are you spending time listening to? Is it a wise use of your time? Are you seeking out mature Christian leaders to follow as examples? All that which Paul tells us to think on, forms a boundary around those things that we are to allow into our lives that are to fill our hearts and produce that which we are to practice, and as we do that, something very important happens that relates to peace.

In 4:7 is the phrase “peace of God” but here in 4:9 we find the phrase “God of peace.” In our beginning faith, it is the peace of God we strive for, but as we learn God’s ways and practice them, we find our spiritual growth brings us to where we know God in such a way that he now becomes the God of peace to us. We transition from what we seek from him to knowing him for who he really is, the God of peace. If this God of peace dwells within us then we do not have to look outside of us to find peace when we are anxious, because it is already within us.

4.4 Philippians 4:10-13, Learn to be Content

4:10 I rejoiced in the Lord greatly that now at length you have revived your concern for me. You were indeed concerned for me, but you had no opportunity. 11 Not that I am speaking of being in need, for I have learned in whatever situation I am to be content. 12 I know how to be brought low, and I know how to abound. In any and every circumstance, I have learned the secret of facing plenty and hunger, abundance and need. 13 I can do all things through him who strengthens me. (Philippians 4:10 – 13 ESV)

In the previous lesson we covered the importance of thinking on quality things. We also realized that spiritual growth results in a transition of moving from our seeking peace from God to realizing the God of peace dwells within us. In this lesson, Paul speaks of having his needs met.

In this section, covering verses 10 – 20, Paul rejoices in the Lord greatly and thanks the Philippians for their gift to him and in return he assures them that God will supply all their needs. Narrowing our focus to verses 10 – 11, Paul thanks the Philippians for their support, but he wants them to know that he has learned that in whatever situation he finds himself in, to be content.

The fact that they had no opportunity meant that there was no one going to Rome from Philippians at the time with whom they could send a gift to him. The distance between the two places was considerable and it was very unlikely that there were regular travelers between the two locations. Surely, there were times when Paul had circumstance of necessity, but they went unmet and as a result, he learned to be content in whatever situation he found himself in. When I lived in China, I had no central heat in my apartment, in fact I had no heat at all and in cold weather it got very cold inside. As a result, you learn how to adjust the amount and kind of clothing you wore to compensate for the condition. With all the trials Paul experienced, he had ample opportunity to learn how to live under various circumstances.

As various circumstances came along, whether of need or of abundance, Paul learned from them and was content, because he had learned the secret of facing plenty and hunger. His secret was to trust God to provide for him or to strengthen and encourage him through the situation. Again, I draw on my experience in China, for there were times when I seemed to be in impossible situations, but I soon learned that in some unimaginable way God saw me through it.

We must be careful not to put ourselves into situations that test God and expect his blessing. We must interrupt the meaning of “I can do all things through him who strengthens me” in the context of his letter. That context is on our obedience to God and service to him and others, not necessarily meeting our own personal needs.

4.5 Philippians 4:14-20, You Shared in My Trouble

4:14 Yet it was kind of you to share my trouble. 15 And you Philippians yourselves know that in the beginning of the gospel, when I left Macedonia, no church entered into partnership with me in giving and receiving, except you only. 16 Even in Thessalonica you sent me help for my needs once and again. 17 Not that I seek the gift, but I seek the fruit that increases to your credit. 18 I have received full payment, and more. I am well supplied, having received from Epaphroditus the gifts you sent, a fragrant offering, a sacrifice acceptable and pleasing to God. 19 And my God will supply every need of yours according to his riches in glory in Christ Jesus. 20 To our God and Father be glory forever and ever. Amen. (Philippians 4:14 – 20 ESV)

In the previous lesson, Paul made it clear that he had learned to be content in any situation he found himself in. In this lesson, Paul points out that they were special in meeting his needs.

Some backstory is necessary to better understand 4:14 – 16. We will join Paul as he travels into Macedonia to Philippi, which is a leading city of the district of Macedonia and a Roman colony (Acts 16:12). Paul stayed in Philippi for a short while and with the help of Lydia established a church there. During his short stay, Paul and Silas managed to get arrested, beaten, and imprisoned, but were released the following day and left Philippi (See Acts 16:16 – 40).

From there Paul and Silas journeyed on to Thessalonica, where there was a synagogue of the Jews. As expected, Paul went in and for three Sabbath days he reasoned with them from the Scriptures. Soon trouble developed but they managed to escape and were sent away by night to Berea (See Acts 17:1 – 10).

When Paul was in Philippi, the Philippians were involved with him in ministry from the beginning, an involvement that included help at both the spiritual level as well as at the practical level of providing for some of his financial needs. With the need to leave Philippi unexpectedly and then Thessalonica, Paul found himself in need. Because of the close relationship between Paul and the believers at Philippi, they felt burdened to support Paul after leaving them. They were the only church that helped at the time. Even while he was in Thessalonica, they sent him help from time to time.

In 4:17, the focus shifts to the gift itself and 4:17 – 18 reminds me of an accounting system that might be set up to monitor our giving. The gift Paul received from them was a benefit to him, but it was also for their benefit because it caused a credit entry to be placed into their heavenly account. Paul refers to such a gift as “fruit that increases your credit.” The increase, or profit, to their account is referred to as fruit.

Paul speaks of the gift as “full payment and more” towards meeting his need. They have more that met any obligation that thought they might have had in helping him. Reference is made to receiving the gift from Epaphroditus, and is referred to as “a fragrant offering, a sacrifice acceptable and pleasing to God.” Not only did the gift meet Paul’s need and add a credit to their heavenly account, but it also pleased God.

In response to meeting Paul’s need, God will in return meet their needs out of the vast resources of Jesus Christ. Their willingness to sacrifice for meeting Paul’s needs opens the door for God’s desire to help them when in need. Being generous in meeting someone else’s need is seen as being generous towards God and in response he will be generous towards in return.

Their gift to Paul is seen as satisfying 2:4 and leads into the discussion of Jesus Christ meeting our needs. That discussion ended with “to the glory of God the Father” which is how Paul ends the main portion of his letter.

4.6 Philippians 4:21-23, Greetings

4:21 Greet every saint in Christ Jesus. The brothers who are with me greet you. 22 All the saints greet you, especially those of Caesar’s household.

4:23 The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit. (Philippians 4:21 – 23 ESV)

In the previous lesson, Paul brought the main body of his letter to the Philippians to an end and now closes his letter with a final exhortation and greetings. His request is for them who read or hear his letter to greet all believers there for him.

It is evident that Paul had opportunity for effective ministry in Caesar’s household while imprisoned as the brothers who are there with Paul also greet them. The use of “brothers” and “saints” may suggest a closeness to Paul.

“All the saints” may be reference not only to “the royal family” but to anyone connected with the emperor’s service, including soldiers, slaves, or freedmen. No matter where Paul finds himself, he finds a way of sharing the gospel and bearing fruit. How well do you do in reaching out to those around you with the gospel message?

Paul closes his letter, as he did his letter to the Romans and to the Corinthians, with the statement, “The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit, or with you.” (cf. Romans 16:20; 1 Corinthians 16:23). This ending sentence is a reminder to them that any true progress in life is a gift of God through the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ. “For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God, not a result of works, so that no one may boast” (Ephesians 2:8 – 9 ESV), and then as we live the new life in Jesus Christ, we will find that his grace is sufficient for meeting all our needs, for my power is made perfect in weakness” (2 Corinthians 12:9).

This brings us to the end of another great study and that much closer to the end of the New Testament study. The next two letters, Colossians, and Philemon were written at the same time and delivered together to Colossae, the first to the church in general, and the second personally to Philemon, and to Apphia and Archippus, probably members of his family. Most commentators assuming them to be his wife and son.

Following these two letters, we have 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, and Hebrews to do for a total of 665 more verses. At an average of 3.6 verses per lesson, we should finish during July of 2022. What we will study then will be explained at the end of Hebrews, but the Lord willing, I plan to keep writing bible lessons.

Chapter 4 – Questions with Answers

1. Why does Paul urge Euodia and Syntyche to “agree in the Lord” (Philippians 4:2)?

Paul calls these two women to reconciliation because division within the church weakens fellowship and distracts believers from the work of the gospel. Both women had labored alongside Paul in ministry, so this disagreement was not about unbelief but about conflict between faithful servants. Paul reminds them that unity must be rooted “in the Lord,” meaning that Christ is greater than personal preferences, pride, or misunderstandings. Christian unity does not require complete agreement on every issue, but it does require humility, forgiveness, and a shared commitment to Christ. The church is strongest when believers pursue peace and remember they are members of the same spiritual family.

2. What does Paul mean when he says, “Rejoice in the Lord always” (Philippians 4:4)?

Paul is teaching that Christian joy is based on Christ rather than circumstances. When Paul wrote Philippians, he was imprisoned, yet he continually emphasized joy. This shows that biblical joy is not dependent on comfort, success, or ease. Instead, it comes from knowing God, trusting His promises, and resting in His sovereignty. Rejoicing “in the Lord” means believers can find hope even during suffering because Christ remains faithful and present. Joy becomes an act of faith that looks beyond temporary trials to eternal realities.

3. How can believers demonstrate gentleness according to Philippians 4:5?

Paul says, “Let your gentleness be known to everyone.” Gentleness refers to a gracious, patient, and humble spirit toward others. It includes self-control, kindness, and a willingness to respond peacefully instead of harshly. Christians demonstrate gentleness when they forgive offenses, speak with wisdom, show patience under pressure, and treat others with compassion. Paul connects this attitude with the statement, “The Lord is at hand,” reminding believers that Christ sees their conduct and will ultimately judge all things. Because believers trust God’s justice, they do not need to react with anger or revenge.

4. What does Philippians 4:6 teach about anxiety and prayer?

Philippians 4:6 teaches that believers should bring every concern to God in prayer instead of being controlled by anxiety. Paul does not deny that worries exist, but he directs Christians to respond with trust rather than fear. Prayer involves presenting requests to God with thanksgiving, recognizing His faithfulness and provision. Thanksgiving shifts the believer’s focus from problems to God’s goodness. This verse encourages believers to depend on God in every situation, knowing that He cares for them and is able to provide wisdom, strength, and peace.

5. What is the “peace of God” described in Philippians 4:7?

The “peace of God” is the inner calm and assurance that God gives to those who trust Him. Paul says this peace “surpasses all understanding,” meaning it cannot be fully explained by human reasoning or circumstances. Even during hardship, believers can experience confidence because God is sovereign and near. This peace guards the heart and mind like a soldier protecting a city. It protects believers from despair, fear, and spiritual instability. The peace of God does not always remove problems immediately, but it strengthens believers to endure with faith and hope.

6. Why does Paul instruct believers to think about certain things in Philippians 4:8?

Paul understands that the mind shapes attitudes, decisions, and actions. Believers are called to focus on things that are true, honorable, just, pure, lovely, commendable, excellent, and worthy of praise. Filling the mind with godly truth strengthens faith and promotes spiritual maturity. Wrong thinking often leads to sinful behavior, discouragement, or fear, while godly thinking renews the heart and transforms conduct. Paul teaches that believers should intentionally meditate on what reflects God’s character rather than dwelling on sinful, negative, or corrupt influences.

7. What does Paul mean when he says he learned to be content in every circumstance (Philippians 4:11-12)?

Paul explains that true contentment does not depend on wealth, comfort, or physical conditions. He experienced abundance and poverty, freedom and imprisonment, yet he learned to trust God in all situations. Contentment comes from confidence that God is sufficient and faithful. Paul’s statement shows spiritual maturity because he had learned not to let circumstances control his joy or identity. Christian contentment is not complacency or lack of ambition; rather, it is resting in God’s provision and purpose regardless of changing situations.

8. What is the meaning of “I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me” (Philippians 4:13)?

This verse teaches that Christ provides strength for believers to endure and fulfill God’s will. Paul is specifically speaking about enduring hardship, remaining faithful, and being content in every circumstance. The verse is not a promise that believers can accomplish anything they desire through sheer faith. Instead, it means Christ empowers His people to persevere through trials, responsibilities, and challenges according to His purpose. The strength comes from dependence on Christ rather than human ability.

9. Why does Paul commend the Philippians for their generosity (Philippians 4:14-18)?

The Philippian believers supported Paul financially and spiritually during his ministry, even when others did not. Their giving demonstrated love, partnership in the gospel, and trust in God. Paul describes their gift as “a fragrant offering, a sacrifice acceptable and pleasing to God,” showing that generosity is an act of worship. Christian giving reflects God’s own generosity and advances His work in the world. Paul valued not only the gift itself but also the spiritual fruit produced in the lives of the givers.

10. What does Philippians 4:19 mean when it says God will supply every need?

Paul assures believers that God faithfully provides for His people according to His riches in Christ Jesus. This promise does not guarantee unlimited earthly wealth or every personal desire, but it does affirm that God knows and supplies what believers truly need for life and godliness. God’s provision may include physical needs, spiritual strength, wisdom, encouragement, or endurance. The focus is on God’s faithfulness and sufficiency. Believers can trust that God will care for them as they serve Him faithfully.

11. How does Philippians 4 emphasize the relationship between prayer and peace?

Throughout the chapter, Paul shows that prayer leads believers into deeper trust in God. Anxiety focuses on human weakness and uncertain circumstances, while prayer focuses on God’s power and faithfulness. As believers bring their concerns before God with thanksgiving, they experience His peace guarding their hearts and minds. Prayer does not merely change situations; it changes the believer’s perspective by strengthening faith and dependence on God.

12. What are the major themes of Philippians 4?

Philippians 4 highlights several important themes:

  • Christian unity and reconciliation
  • Joy in every circumstance
  • Prayer and freedom from anxiety
  • The peace of God
  • Godly thinking
  • Contentment through Christ
  • Strength through dependence on Christ
  • Generosity and partnership in ministry
  • Confidence in God’s provision

Together these themes show how believers can live faithfully and joyfully while depending completely on Christ in every area of life.